In this letter, we report the first use of oblique incidence diffuse reflectance spectrometry to conduct in-vivo measurements of optical properties of three different types of pigmented skin lesions, including melanoma, dysplastic, and common nevi. Both absorption and reduced scattering coefficient spectra were estimated from the spatially resolved diffuse reflectance within the wavelength rang...

Optical absorption is closely associated with many physiological important parameters, such as the concentration and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and it can be used to quantify the concentrations of nonfluorescent molecules. We propose a method to use acoustic spectra of photoacoustic signals to quantify the absolute optical absorption. This method is self-calibrating and thus insensitive t...

Phytochromes in harmony with blue light photoreceptors play a major role in controlling plant growth and development from germination to seed maturation. Light absorption by phytochromes triggers a signaling cascade, phototransduction, which culminates in regulated gene expression. A major regulatory step at the cellular level, which affects specificities of light-induced physiological response...

CONTENTS I N T R O D U C T I O N . VITAMIN A A N D CAROTENOIDS . FOOD SOURCES , ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT . CONVERSION O F CAROTENOIDS T O RETINOL . C O N C L U S I O N S . . V I T A M I N D . FOOD SOURCES . ABSORPTION . . PHYSIOLOGICAL C O N D I T I O N . C O N C L U S I O N S . . V I T A M I N E . FOOD SOURCES . ABSORPTION, T R A N S P O R T A N D METABOLISM . FACTORS I N F L U E N C I N G BIO...

Most marketed drugs are administered orally, despite the complex process of oral absorption that is difficult to predict. Oral bioavailability is dependent on the interplay between many processes that are dependent on both compound and physiological properties. Because of this complexity, computational oral physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have emerged as a tool to integrate ...

The bioavailability of drugs is determined by gastrointestinal physiological factors and the physicochemical property of drugs. The presence of food changes the physiological functions of gastrointestinal mucosa (e.g., gastric pH, gastric emptying, hepatic blood flow) which may lead to increase or decrease in the bioavailability of drugs. Intestinal absorption of penicillin, captopril, ciproflo...

Mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer, and retention of a physiological dose of ferrous iron were studied in women with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 19 with normal and 17 with depleted bone marrow iron stores. Control subjects were 26 normal women and 20 women with uncomplicated iron deficiency. Iron absorption was measured with 59Fe as a tracer and by whole body counting. Compared with control...

The Slc9a family of nine Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHE) plays a critical role in neutral sodium absorption in the mammalian intestine as well as other absorptive and secretory epithelia of digestive organs. These transport proteins mediate the electroneutral exchange of Na(+) and H(+) and are crucial in a variety of physiological processes, including the fine tuning of intracellular pH, cell volum...

This study describes the physiological performance of two populations of the razor clam Tagelus dombeii from two geographic areas with different histories of exposure to paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) linked to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Clams from Melinka-Aysén, which are frequently exposed to PSP, were not affected by the presence of toxins in the diet. However, clam...

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS, such physiology of filtration and absorption in the different nephron segments, are so detailed that they can be a challenge to be memorized. This article describes an exercise that solidifies learning as students manipulate, using paper models, “transporters” and “electrolytes” in the basolateral and luminal membranes of “nephron cells.” Most important is the oppor...