naser al din shah's period, was the begining of various political, social, and economic re­forms, and a prelude to establishment of numerous institutions, headed by the shah. he was inclined to form civic institutions similar to the west. hence, apart from active roles of dutiful chancellors such as amir kabir and mirza hasan moshir al dowle, the shah himself was interested in such centers...

By studying "Kitab al-Ma'a" the enduring work by Abu Abdullah Muhammad Azdi, we find that this treatise is not just a medical encyclopedia based on medical prescriptions and the treatment of physical and mental diseases; rather, its admirable author, sometimes in the guise of a well-versed jurist, and a scholar of hadith, and a defender of the rights of the patient, created a work with  accumul...

Al -e- Muhtaj were one of the local rulers of Chaghanian region in upper part of the Oxus (Amu Darya) that had autonomy concurrent with period of Amir Ismaʽil Samani (279-295 AH) in their dominated area, i.e. parts of  Khorasan and Rey. This local dynasty as puppet of Samanids, had effective role in political and military power of that state. Honesty and courage of emirs of this clan, including...

the researchers believe that al-adab al–saghir and al-adab al-kabir are pahlavi translators of iranian advices, where fifteen anonymous statements appear which are in nahj-albalaghah. besides, both books contain a lot of precious themes of nahj albalaghah which, like veins of gold, are hidden in their different layers . the use of ali’ s anonymous words in these two books caused editors, follow...