Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) which causes bacterial canker of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis) was first isolated in Japan in 1984 (Takikawa et al., 1989), and soon after in Korea (Koh et al., 1994) and Italy (Scortichini, 1994). The economic impact on the global production of kiwifruit of those early occurrences was relatively limited (Vanneste et al., 2011). Howev...
