Objective: Probable effect of fluoride containing materials like APF on sealants is very important. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of frequent application of APF (1.23%) on the surface microhardness of two fissure sealants and one flowable composite.   Methods: In this experimental study, 81 specimens of two fissure sealants and one flowable composite were prepared, using s...

Crystalline cellulose chemically modified through a reaction with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) in an acidic or basic condition yielded Cel-P4 and Cel-P10. These phosphated solids were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the solid state for phosphorus nucleus and disper...

hosphating is one of the most widely used metal pretreatment P processes for ferrous metals. It gives a reasonably hard, electrically nonconducting surface coating of insoluble phosphate that is contiguous and highly adherent to the underlying metal and is considerably more absorptive than the The phosphate coating serves to anchor the paint film and prevents the induction and spreading of corr...

This multi-scale and multi-technique work investigates the adsorption of phosphated species on TiO 2 anatase surface. Our original approach declines for first time progressive ethyl substitution phosphates to identify structure complexes formed upon these molecules in aqueous dispersions, under various pH conditions. To quantify adsorbed amount , isotherms were recorded as a function pH. In par...

statement of the problem generally, the main source of fluoride intake is drinking water. excessive consumption of bottled water as a substitute or in addition to the tap water supply may have implications for safe fluoride supplementation. in this study, fluoride contents in six commercial brands of bottled water were measured materials and methods six different brands of bottled drinking wate...

This chapter provides information on some recent developments of fertilizer production and use that improve nutrient efficiency and minimize environmental impact. The nutrients discussed are mainly N, P, and S. Improving N nutrient efficiency includes use of (1) controlled-release coated urea products, (2) slowrelease urea–aldehyde polymer products, (3) urea supergranules for deep placement, (4...