objective(s):melatonin is known as an anti-inflammatory agent, and it has been proven to exert neuroprotection through inhibition of cell death (apoptosis) in several models of brain injury.secondary injury following the primary traumatic brain injury (tbi) results in glial cells activation, especially astrocytes. in fact, astrocyte activation causes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) is defined as an external mechanical injury to the brain. neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of tbi. microglia and astrocytes play a central role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. numerous pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) released by microglia. in ...

1. (a) In 2003, overall rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were highest in the very young age group, (0 to 4 years: 1188.5/100,000), followed by adolescents (15 to 24 years: 917.5/ 100,000). The injury rate was lowest in the 45to 64-age group (327.3/100,000). Falls were the leading cause of TBI (32% of total) followed by motor vehicle crash (19%). 2. (b) Compared with a rider wearing a helme...

Background: Patients with acquired brain injury often experience impaired working memory (WM), a condition that can make everyday life activities and work difficult. Objectives: This study investigates the effects of computerized WM training on WM skills, cognitive tests, activity performance and estimated health and whether the effects of computerized WM training can be attributed to sex or ti...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the psychometric properties of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in patients with acquired brain injury in Turkey. METHODS A total of 207 patients with acquired brain injury were assessed. Reliability was tested by internal consistency and the person separation index; internal construct validity by Rasch analysis; external construct validity by correlation with cognit...

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health [NIH] 2013). It has been reported that over 10 million people incur an ABI yearly across the globe (Bragge et al. 2012) and can cost the United States up to $60 billion annually (Finkelstein et al. 2006). According to the NIH (2013), the...

intracranial hypertension is the largest cause of death in young patients with severe traumatic brain injury. decompressive craniectomy is part of the second level measures for the management of increased intracranial pressure refractory to medical management as moderate hypothermia and barbiturate coma. the literature lack of concepts is their indications. we present a review on the state of t...

cortical spreading depression (csd) are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow. there is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that csd is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. therefore,...