A central challenge in securing property rights is the subversion of justice. We present a model polluter whose discharges harm multiple owners, and we compare rules, liability regulation on efficiency grounds. provide conditions under which rules are preferred to thus verifying Calabresi-Melamed conjecture. Regulation that enforces partial abatement may be either extreme rules. An empirical an...

one of the criminal titles that are assigned punishment for it in the code is the lack of canonical veil in the society as a defect of religious essential that is called “tabarroj”, in the islamic traditions. this article studies the edict of tabarroj from quran & islamic traditions, oppositely of illuminates of resent centuries who do not suppose it so bad. tabarroj is a definite illegal act &...

the ultimate goal of monetary policy is to achieve price stability and high output. in this regard, central banks usually change the interest rate, liquidity, and money base in order to apply monetary policies. the john b. taylor rule is one of the rules known in the transmission of monetary policy.[1] based on this rule and given the output gap and inflation gap, the central bank increases or ...

novation is one of the important topics of the obligations law, that is in its special and traditional meaning a legal act , and has been adopted from roman law and it has been used in civil codes of the most countries, among them iran. with due attention to special role of the imamiyah jurisprudence rules in codification of the iran civil code, some questions are propounded in connection to no...

as the problem of sex reassignment is one of new problems raised in modern time on the one hand and this principle that juristic judgments and legal rules are subject to goods and evils as well as temporal and spatial necessities is an undeniable principle on the other, contemporary jurists have declared their opinions on that problem using dynamic jurisprudence in such a way that even one sing...

municipality, as one of the most important legal entities in the urban management, can play an effective role in providing local public services and administration of some local public affairs. the role of the municipality in urban management is different rangin from full authority to implementation of small affairs. the place and importance of the municipality is determined by the laws and leg...

context periodontal plastic surgery can help people improve their lives by addressing aesthetic parameters of their smile. much of what comprises a beautiful and appealing smile is influenced by emotion and personality; however, many structural elements of a smile can be improved through surgical intervention. evidence acquisition the end result often lends significant support to people who wis...

in the case of abuse of right  of  freedom of trade, intentional fault or negligence, resort  to unlawful means and act contrary to professional ethics and in general, fulfillment of conditions of compensation of loss according to governing rules in legal systems, commercial rivals have tortious liability within the framework of traditional principles of tort law. nowadays, day by day, cases of...

Rules are necessary to provide or shape the incentives of individuals and organizations. This is particularly true when free markets lead to undesirable outcomes. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 attempted to create incentives to foster competition. Ambiguity as well as the timing of the Act has led to delays in the clarification of rules and the rapid obsolescence of the document. The paper ...