introduction the use of cut-outs in electron applicators make changes on output, isodose, and percentage depth dose (pdd) curves. these changes and electron beam dose distribution in the form of three-dimensional (3d) can be measured by gel dosimeters. materials and methods dosimetry was performed with and without a square shield (6×6 cm2 field). the energies were 4, 9, and 16 mev and phantom w...

In this study, B12N12 Nano ring has been selected because it consist of four 6-side rings and polar bonds B-N which in comparison with non-polar bonds C-C, is more suitable for the study of the absorption of other compounds. So reactivity and stability of Benzene alone and in the presence B12N12 nano ring field checked. To determine the non-bonded interaction energies between Benzene and B12N12...

The solubilities of amino acids, diglycine, and triglycine have been measured in water and aqueous ethanol as well as dioxane solutions. Free energies of transfer of amino acid side chains and backbone peptide units from water to ethanol and dioxane solutions have been calculated from these data. The results show the similarity between the ‘effects of ethanol and dioxane on the stability of tho...

The solubilities of amino acids, diglycine, and triglycine have been measured in water and aqueous ethanol as well as dioxane solutions. Free energies of transfer of amino acid side chains and backbone peptide units from water to ethanol and dioxane solutions have been calculated from these data. The results show the similarity between the ‘effects of ethanol and dioxane on the stability of tho...

In a previous paper, we introduced reflection equations for interaction-rounda-face (IRF) models and used these to construct commuting double-row transfer matrices for solvable lattice spin models with fixed boundary conditions. In particular, for the Andrews-Baxter-Forrester (ABF) models, we derived special functional equations satisfied by the eigenvalues of the commuting double-row transfer ...

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a complicated respiratory enzyme that conserves the energy from NADH oxidation, coupled to ubiquinone reduction, as a proton motive force across the mitochondrial inner membrane. During catalysis, NADH oxidation by a flavin mononucleotide is followed by electron transfer to a chain of iron-sulfur clusters. Alternatively, the flavin may be reoxidized...

Electron spectra of photoexcited Ne clusters are shown to display a signal at low kinetic energies that is neither present in the Ne monomer nor at photon energies below the inner-valence 2s threshold. These findings are strong evidence for the existence of interatomic Coulombic decays (ICD), a mechanism that was recently predicted theoretically [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4778 (1997)]]. In ICD, an i...

Time-resolved K(α) spectroscopy has been used to infer the hot-electron equilibration dynamics in high-intensity laser interactions with picosecond pulses and thin-foil solid targets. The measured K(α)-emission pulse width increases from ~3 to 6 ps for laser intensities from ~10(18) to 10(19) W/cm(2). Collisional energy-transfer model calculations suggest that hot electrons with mean energies f...