background: galantamine is a drug used for the treatment of alzheimer’s disease and some other cognitive disorders. it is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase however, interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has also been reported. owing to the significant role of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in neuro-immunomodulation, we decided to examine the effect of galantamine on tula...

it is estimated that one third of the world's population is latently infected with tuberculosis (tb). the hiv epidemic fuels the tb epidemic by increasing the risk of reactivation of latent tb infection and by facilitating a more rapid progression of tb disease. although the incidence of tb is constant or decreasing in many regions of the world, rates remain high in developing countries as a co...

Objective: Rubella is a viral disease with minor morbidity, unless it is contracted by a pregnant woman in early pregnancy that leads to congenitalRubella syndromes. Rubella occurrence during the first trimester leads to fetal death or severe congenital defects.Present study was conducted to survey the protection level against Rubella in the pregnant women of Gilan in IRAN,to be used for the va...

This study shows that surgical removal of the meth A fibrosarcoma from its semisyngeneic host fails to result in postexcision immunity to growth of a tumor implant unless the host already has acquired a mechanism of concomitant immunity to growth of an implant. Therefore, tumor excision does not cause immunity to be generated but preserves a mechanism of concomitant immunity that already exists...

Self-antigens, in the form of differentiation antigens, are commonly recognized by the immune system on melanoma and other cancers. We have shown previously that active immunization of mice against the melanocyte differentiation antigen, a tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) gp75(TRP-1) (the brown locus protein) expressed by melanomas, could induce tumor immunity and autoimmunity manifested as dep...

tetanus can be only prevented by vaccination because immunity against this disease is rarely acquired, even by natural infections. to maintain long-term protective immunity against tetanus, booster immunization is essential for adolescents and adults. most hospitalized cases and virtually all deaths occur in people over 60 years of age. the purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of...

neopterin, apyrazinopyrimidine compound, is produced by macrophages after induction by interferon gamma (ifn-y) and serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation followed by oxidative stress. the aim of this study was to determine urinary neopterin to creatinine ratio (uncr) as a surrogate marker of cell-mediated immune activation in multiple sclerosis (ms). three weekly early morning...

There has been an explosion of literature focusing on the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer immunity. It is becoming increasingly clear that Treg cells play an active and significant role in the progression of cancer, and have an important role in suppressing tumor-specific immunity. Thus, there is a clear rationale for developing clinical strategies to diminish their regulatory influ...

Currently, many peptide vaccines are undergoing clinical studies. Most of these vaccines were developed to activate cytotoxic T cells; however, the response is not robust. Unlike vaccines, anti-cancer antibodies based on passive immunity have been approved as a standard treatment. Since passive immunity is more effective in tumor treatment, the evidence suggests that limited B cell epitope-base...

objective: rubella is a viral disease with minor morbidity, unless it is contracted by a pregnant woman in early pregnancy that leads to congenitalrubella syndromes. rubella occurrence during the first trimester leads to fetal death or severe congenital defects.present study was conducted to survey the protection level against rubella in the pregnant women of gilan in iran,to be used for the va...