representation and modeling of economic uncertainty is addressed by different modeling methods, namely stochastic variables and probabilities, interval analysis, and fuzzy numbers, in particular triple estimates. fo-cusing on discounted cash flow analysis numerical results are presented, comparisons are made between alter-native modeling methods, and characteristics of the methods are discussed.

Investors use the company value as one of benchmarks in investing capital since is generated from share price with basis performance and public assessment on that performance. The can be measured by Price Earning Ratio (PER), Book Value (PBV), Tobin's Q. selected this research its measurement. subjects were technology-based companies listed Indonesian stock exchange. From data obtained, it was ...

In the tobacco sector, there was a consistent decline in price of shares outstanding during 2017 – 2021. The stock prices market sector initiated author to analyze financial performance condition all companies and valuation with best compared other companies. So, it can be concluded that position is now undervalued or still an overvalued basis for making investment decisions. this study, will a...

The relative predictability of returns and dividends is a central issue because it forms the paradigm to interpret asset price variation. A little studied question is how dividend smoothing, as a choice of corporate policy, affects predictability. We show that even if dividends are supposed to be predictable without smoothing, dividend smoothing can bury this predictability. Because aggregate d...

In this article, we focus on considering different risk factors influencing the cash flows of a group companies. A methodology is suggested for approximated consideration both seasonal and random fluctuations in environment, which have some impact overall activity may be considered via modification risk-adjusted discount rates. The main steps are described, elements rate presented. Although it ...

The basic model for valuation of firm is the Dividend Discount Model (DDM). When investors buy stocks, they expect to receive two types of cash flow: dividend in the period during which the stock is owned, and the expected sales price at the end of the period. In the extreme example, the investor keeps the stock until the company is liquidated; in such a case, the liquidating dividend becomes t...

BACKGROUND In cost-effectiveness analysis, discount rates are used in calculating the value of future costs and benefits. However, standard discount rates may not accurately describe the decision-making of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). These patients often choose the long-term risks of immunosuppressive therapy over the short-term risks of colectomy, demonstrating very high discount ra...

We investigate a firm’s joint decision to hold cash and to hedge in the presence of financial constraints. The predictions are tested using a sample of manufacturing firms. We confirm the existing evidence of a positive sensitivity of cash holdings to cash flow for financially constrained firms. More importantly, we find a positive sensitivity of hedging to cash flow for constrained firms and, ...