OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality based on data from observational studies and to determine the optimal levels of HbA1c for preventing cardiovascular events and/or mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic populations. REVIEW METHODS We systematically searched Medline, Embase, the ...

OBJECTIVES To describe independent predictors for the development of microalbuminuria and progression to macroalbuminuria in those with childhood onset type 1 diabetes. DESIGN Prospective observational study with follow-up for 9.8 (SD 3.8) years. SETTING Oxford regional prospective study. PARTICIPANTS 527 participants with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes at mean age 8.8 (SD 4.0) years. M...

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Anemia is a common problem in the ICU population. Most patients are anemic at admission, their hemoglobin concentrations declining further thereafter. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a combination strategy, involving closed arterial blood gas sampling and the use of pediatric vials for phlebotomy (Group A), on the sampling-induced blood loss and ...

Hemoglobin: Structure and Function Hemoglobin (Hb) is composed of two pairs of sub-units containing protoheme and globin.. The various globin chains differ in the number and sequence of amino acids and are designated by α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, and θ. Normal adult RBCs have three types of hemoglobin: HbA (α2,β2) approx. 95%, HbA2 (α2δ2) approx. 2.5 %, and HbF (α2γ2). The spatial relationship of the fo...

Hemoglobin gene expression in non-erythroid cells has been previously reported in activated macrophages from adult mice and lens cells, and recent studies indicate that alveolar epithelial cells can be derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Our laboratory has now produced strong evidence that hemoglobin is expressed by alveolar type II (ATII) cells and Clara cells, the primary producers of pulm...

T HE RATIO OF CARBON MONOXIDE ( CO) to oxygen bound by hemoglobin A is 217 times greater than the ratio of these gas tensions in the equilibrium medium.’ This report shows that hemoglobin F has less preferential binding of CO over 02 than hemoglobin A. Because of this difference between adult and fetal hemoglobin the diffusion gradient for CO across the placenta can not be equated with the diff...

Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a non invasive technique allowing the recovery of hemodynamic changes in the brain. Due to the diffusive nature of photon propagation in turbid media and the fact that cerebral tissues are located around 1.5 cm under the adult human scalp, DOI measurements are subject to partial volume errors. DOI measurements are also sensitive to large pial vessels because oxy...

labeled glycine, L-histidine, L-leucine, and L-lysine into the proteins of rabbit reticulocytes. In preliminary experiments the incorporation into the hemoglobin isolated from the reticulocytes was determined. But, after it was found that plasma contains factors accelerating amino acid incorporation, it was decided to proceed as rapidly as possible toward the identification of these factors; we...

According to experiments reported by Field and O'Brien,I acidification of normal human adult hemoglobin (Hb A) from pH 6 to pH 3.5 is accompanied by a progressive, reversible decrease in sedimentation constant, together with an increase in translational diffusion constant. These findings were interpreted as showing the presence of a rapidly reversible, hydrogen-ion-dependent dissociation of Hb ...

Background. Studies have reported that obesity has an adverse effect on iron metabolism. Obesity is characterized by chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation and anemia of chronic disease with elevated serum ferritin and decreased level of serum iron, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin. Therefore, we examined the association of body mass index with hemoglobin concentration and iron paramet...