The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 was signed into law by President Obama on March 23. This legislation has elicited much debate among policy experts and the public alike. No one knows exactly how this new complex law will play out, and objective evaluation of its effects is important. The American College of Physicians hopes that the legislation will advance key pri...

These notes analyze the production of financial services in general equilibrium. 1 Real Economy 1.1 Households The finance industry provides credit as well as liquidity and payment services to households (and savers more generally). In addition, household debt has an important life-cycle component (i.e., mortgages). The model must therefore incorporate these features. To do so, I consider a set...

where the fixed (but not necessarily real) parameter α satisfies the condition Reα < 1. Substituting α = 0 into the resulting recurrence equations produces the famous recursions for ζ(2) = 2Z 2 (0), ζ(3) = Z3(0) due to Apéry [Ap], as well as the recursion for ζ(4) = Z4(0) known as the Cohen–Rhin–Sorokin–Zudilin recursion ([Co], [So], [Zu1]) that is honest from both historical and alphabetical p...

many countries are turning their attention to the use of explicit financial incentives to drive desired improvements in healthcare performance. however, we have only a weak evidence-base to inform policy in this area. the research challenge is to generate robust evidence on what financial incentives work, under what circumstances, for whom and with what intended and unintended consequences.

Empirical evidence shows that biodiversity conservation policies implemented in agriculture sector in many OECD countries have not been environmentally effective nor cost-effective. There are several new policy mechanisms available to improve both environmental effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness, including spatially differentiated payments and conservation auctions. In this paper a theore...

Social resilience has role to govern the local community and coastal fisheries resources toward sustainable fisheries development in tsunami affected area. This paper asses, explore and investigates of indigenous institutions, external and internal facilitators toward strengthening social resilience. Identification of the genuine organizations role had been conducted twice by using Rapid Assess...

This paper proposes a concept of how to collect toll on highways. Unlike any existing method, the proposed approach requires no structure to be built on highways for the toll collection purpose and drivers are not required to stop or even slow down to pay toll. Toll must be prepaid in advance and a driver must keep a toll ticket as proof of payment. We apply public key cryptographic operations ...

Letter of Credit is an international payment instrument whereby the issuing bank undertakes to pay the beneficiary, against presentation of certain stipulated documents, according to the conditions of the Letter of Credit. Discounting of LC for the short-term financing of the seller, due to the independent and irrevocable undertaking of the bank to make payment, is prevalent. Beneficiary gets t...

Background: Physiotherapy services constitute a principle part of health care systems, and interest in their use has increased in the recent decades.&nbsp; This study was conducted to investigate the utilization and OOP payment for physiotherapy services in public hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. &nbsp;&nbsp; Methods: This cross-sectional study was c...