We study the benefit of considering sun-/skyphotometer measurements in a microphysical lidar retrieval. Furthermore, to assess the importance of the aerosol model employed by the retrieval, we compare results obtained using a spheroid aerosol model with results using an advanced aerosol model that considers irregular particle shapes. Preliminary results are shown for the massextinction conversi...

A major overwater experiment, MAGAT-80, has been undertaken to verify the use of aerosol spectrometers to calculate optical extinction in the marine boundary layer. Techniques for data averaging and for extrapolation to large particle sizes are described. Coincident optical, aerosol, and meteorological measurements by ship, aircraft, and an overwater optical range show that aerosol spectra can ...

This paper reviews the history of aerosol therapy; discusses patient, drug, and device factors that can influence the success of aerosol therapy; and identifies trends that will drive the science of aerosol therapy in the future. Aerosol medication is generally less expensive, works more rapidly, and produces fewer side effects than the same drug given systemically. Aerosol therapy has been use...

Introduction Basic Concepts of Aerosol Therapy Inertial Impaction Gravitational Sedimentation Diffusion The Nebulizer The Metered Dose Inhaler Differences during Mechanical Ventilation The Ventilator-Patient Interface Breath Configurations The Airway The Environment The Assessment Evaluation of Lower Respiratory Tract Aerosol Delivery with Bench Models of Mechanical Ventilation Aerosol-Generati...

In ambient field studies conducted with aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), individual particle mass spectra commonly contain ion peaks at mass/charge (m/z) 86, 101, 102, and 118. Particles with mass spectra containing these peaks show a strong correlation with high relative humidity and low temperatures. In an effort to identify these peaks, a series of smog chamber studies were...

An Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was deployed at the CENICA Supersite, during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study (MCMA-2003) from 31 March–4 May 2003 to investigate particle concentrations, sources, and processes. The AMS provides real time information on mass concentration and composition of the non-refractory species in particulate matter less than 1 μm (NR-PM1) with hig...

The aim of this work was to develop a model suited for detailed studies of aerosol dynamics, gas and particle phase chemistry within urban plumes, from local scale (1× 1 km2) to regional scale. This article describes and evaluates the trajectory model for Aerosol Dynamics, gas and particle phase CHEMistry and radiative transfer (ADCHEM). The model treats both vertical and horizontal dispersion ...

Vertical aerosol profiles were directly measured over the city of Milan during three years (2005–2008) of field campaigns. An optical particle counter, a portable meteorological station and a miniaturized cascade impactor were deployed on a tethered balloon. More than 300 vertical profiles were measured, both in winter and summer, mainly in conditions of clear, dry skies. The mixing height was ...

Size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra measured for various aerosol types at a non-urban site in Germany showed that CCN concentrations are mainly determined by the aerosol number size distribution. Distinct variations of CCN activation with particle chemical composition were observed but played a secondary role. When the temporal variation of chemical effects on CCN activation i...

A system is disclosed for condensation particle counting in conjunction With modifying an aerosol to enhance the for mation and groWth of droplets of a selected Working ?uid, preferably Water. Before saturation With the Working ?uid, the aerosol is exposed to an aerosol modifying component, preferably a vapor including molecules that are adsorbed onto surfaces of the particles or other elements...