The aim of this article is to help identify the fundamental characteristics of the British policymaking system. It highlights an enduring conflict of interpretation within the literature. On the one hand, most contemporary analysts argue that the ‘Westminster model’ is outmoded and it has been replaced by modern understandings based on ‘governance’. On the other, key ideas associated with the W...

democracy is a modern model that united nations, governments, nations, in the last decade of twenty century have started that to prevent war, violence and it was due to of creation of international peace and security. requirement to know different dimensions of the subject of tendency of current research, as consideration of globalization of democracy and its effects for international peace was...

To most theorists of democracy in the West, India is an embarrassing anomaly and hence largely avoided. By most theoretical stipulations India should not have survived as a democracy: ƒ it's too poor ƒ its citizens largely rural and uneducated ƒ its civic institutions rather weak. ƒ It is a paradox even for those who believe in a positive relationship between economic equality or social homogen...

This research addresses two interrelated questions about direct democracy: How does direct democracy affect public policy? And why do citizens and interest groups sometimes pursue policy change through direct democracy? We study these questions by testing for differences between urban growth boundaries (UGBs) that were enacted by city councils and by direct democracy in a large sample of Califo...

Effective communication in open environments relies on the ability of agents to reach a mutual understanding of the exchanged message by reconciling the vocabulary (ontology) used. Various approaches have considered how mutually acceptable mappings between corresponding concepts in the agents’ own ontologies may be determined dynamically through argumentation-based negotiation (such as Meaning-...

Consider the random walk among N places with N(N - 1)/2 transports. We attach an exponential random variable Xij to each transport between places Pi and Pj and take these random variables mutually independent. If transports are possible or impossible independently with probability p and 1-p, respectively, then we give a lower bound for the distribution function of the smallest path at point log...

Why is the universe comprehensible? How it that we can come to know its regularities well enough exploit them for our own gain? In this essay I argue nature of comprehension lies in mutually agreed upon methodology use attain and on basic stability universe. But also very act itself places constraints what comprehend by forcing us establish a context knowledge. way has managed conspire make obj...