This paper investigates whether employer sanctions for hiring undocumented workers introduced by the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) adversely affected the hourly earnings of Latino workers in the southwestern U.S. We exploit the staggering of the sanctions and employee verification requirements across sectors to estimate this effect. In particular, IRCA's employer-sanctions prov...

a social accounting matrix (sam) was used as an analytical model to investigate the mutua/effects of export expansion in agriculture and manufacturing sectors as well as the social and economic impacts of this policy on the iranian economy. the effects of the above policies were analyzed within several scenarios including a 25 percent increase in exports of agriculture and manufacturing product...

This paper presents a broad overview of the global agri-food system, including the sectors of agricultural production, food processing and retailing. It contrasts the practices, technologies, knowledge forms and structures of the dominant agri-food system with a range of alternative agri-food initiatives, such as organic agriculture, fair-trade and food localization movements. A number of conce...

In this study a Social Accounting Matrix approach is used to analyse the effects of changes in agricultural policies on income distribution. Increasing final demand for agricultural products, and a reduction in agricultural price supports, will produce greater proportional benefits for the poorer households, although these benefits are small. A 6% reduction in agricultural price supports result...

Many concerns exist today in rural and urban sectors about the threat to natural resources because of the problems agricultural production practices are causing, i.e. use of chemicals affecting the quality of life (Padgitt, 1987; Hallberg, 1986; Baker, Kanwar & Austin, 1985). Through the use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides farmers are able to produce a reliable source of aff...

Self-organizing maps are widely used in visual data mining. This paper proposes a new visualization approach for GHSOM algorithm, a hierarchical variant of SOM. The method is based on pie charts. That improves the visualization in hierarchical data structures making possible to extract all the existing relationships among the attributes of the neurons at any hierarchy level. The methodology is ...