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The flow in a breaking wave is a t>'pe of agitation which is conducive to foam formation. The downstream wake of a surface vessel in the seaway also is characterized by a layer of foamy, agitated water near the surface, and a subsurface layer of bubbles or a bubble cloud. The purpose of this report is to discuss the basic features of foam and bubble formation, and air entrainment as these featu...

We read with interest the article by Jones and colleagues entitled “How Effective are Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuits at Removing Gaseous Microemboli” (1). Their invariable detection of gaseous microemboli (GME) distal to the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) arterial line filter after entrainment of air to the venous line is in complete agreement with our original report of the same phenomenon (2)....

The environmental issues of possible concern during construction and operation of desalination plants (mainly large-scale facilities) include impacts that are common to many coastal development projects (e.g. land use and aesthetic impacts), as well as specific impacts associated with the elements of the desalination system and auxiliary infrastructure. In the latter category these relate to th...

The flow induced by a liquid column falling on an undisturbed liquid surface is studied with the aid of a high-speed camera. The falling liquid spreads over the receiving liquid forming a cavity which eventually pinches off due to the action of gravity. It is only at this point that the normal flow pattern in which the impacting liquid penetrates below the free surface is established. The same ...

Influence of air entrainment on rock scour development and block stability in plunge pools The impingement of high-velocity water jets on plunge pools, such as it occurs downstream of spillways of high-head dams, may cause scour on the rock foundations. The scour process is the result of complex and consecutive physical phenomena. Turbulence plays a major role, especially in the jet development...