5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 2 was synthesized and employed to synthesize new 1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives via reactions with variant electrophilic reagents under solvent-free conditions. The chemical structures of these novel compounds were elucidated scrupulously by aiding elemental data spectroscopic techniques. evaluated for the insecticida...

Rhizobia play a key role for performance of leguminous plants and ecosystem productivity. However, no studies to date have investigated the importance of the rhizobial symbiosis for legume herbivore interactions. The additional nitrogen provided by the rhizobia improves the nutritional quality of plants, but may also be used for the synthesis of defence compounds. We performed greenhouse experi...

Populations of Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae) from desert and Mediterranean (Med) habitats in Israel differ in their defense against larvae of the generalist Spodoptera littoralis but not the specialist Pieris brassicae. Larvae of the generalist insect feeding on plants of the Med population gained significantly less weight than those feeding on the desert plants, and exogenous application of meth...

The antifeedant effect of six cacalolides and six eremophilanolides was tested against the herbivorous insects Spodoptera littoralis, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and Myzus persicae. The test compounds included several natural products isolated from Senecio madagascariensis (14-isovaleryloxy-1,2-dehydrocacalol methyl ether, 4), S. barba-johannis (13-hydroxy-14-oxocacalohastine, 5; 13-acetyloxy-14...

Aqueous and organic (hexane, chloroform, and methanol) extracts of siliquae, stems and leaves, and seeds of Cleome arabica L. (Brassicales: Capparidaceae) were evaluated in the laboratory for their antifeeding and insecticidal effect on larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), using a leaf dipping bioassay with castor bean, Ricinus communis L. (...

Phytophagous insects use blends of volatiles released from plants to select hosts for feeding and oviposition. To behaviorally analyze complex blends, we need efficient and selective methods for elucidating neuron types, their ligands, and specificity. Gas chromatography-combined single sensillum recordings (GC-SSRs) from antennal olfactory sensilla of female moth, Spodoptera littoralis reveale...

BACKGROUND Linear dermatitis is endemic in Iran where most cases occur in the Caspian Sea coast and Fars province. The disease is caused by beetles of the genus Paederus which are active from early spring to beginning of autumn although its incidence rises from May to August. The classic taxonomy of Paederus spp. is based on the male genitalia that is very complex and needs expertise. In this s...