UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Effective pretreatment is key to achieving high enzymatic saccharification efficiency in processing lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars, biofuels and value-added products. Ionic liquids (ILs), still relatively new class of solvents, are attractive for biomass pretreatment because some demonstrate the rare ability to dissolve all components of lignocellulosic b...

Spent coffee grounds (SCG), obtained during the processing of coffee powder with hot water to make soluble coffee, are the main coffee industry residues and retain approximately seventy percent of the polysaccharides present in the roasted coffee beans. The purpose of this study was to extract polysaccharides from SCG by using an alkali pretreatment with sodium hydroxide at 25°C, and determine ...

Bamboo’s ability to grow on nutrient-poor soils, with little requirement of silvicultural management, easy harvesting characteristics, vegetative propagation, fast growth, and a host of other desirable characteristics, make it a good candidate as an energy crop. Energy crops are cultivated solely for use as sources of energy through their conversion into alcohols. This study set out to determin...

As an immerging lignocellulose pretreatment strategy, cellulose solventbased pretreatment can break down interand intra-molecular hydrogen bonds and disrupt the rigid structure of cellulose. Two cellulose solvent pretreatments were examined and compared in this study: NaOH/urea and concentrated phosphoric acid. Pretreated corn stover substrates were characterized by optical microscopy, confocal...

We evaluated the effect of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on wheat straw at boiling temperature for removing lignin and increasing the yield of reducing sugar. Various concentrations of NaOH (0.5% to 2%) were used for pretreating wheat straw at 105 °C for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that the 2% NaOH-...

Delignification pretreatment with alkali under various conditions (25–160 °C for 1–12 h) or sodium chlorite at 75 4 h was applied to improve the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by removing hemicellulose and lignin. Compared elimination hemicellulose, delignification contributed more in achieving a higher glucose yield. In addition, characterization untreated pretreated conducted de...

Two-stage treatments of sugarcane bagasse with steam and alkaline peroxide were performed and the hemicelluloses extracted were characterized by chemical methods, SEC-MALLS, FT-IR and 13C NMR. The hemicellulose from steam pretreatment was found to contain galacto-arabinoxylans while alkaline peroxide extraction yielded predominately linear arabinoxylans.The present studyshowed a promising seque...

An Investigation of the Role of Microsomal Oxidative Metabolism in the in Vivo Genotoxicity of 1,2-Dichloroethane. STORER, R. D.. AND CONOLLY, R. B. (1985). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77,36-46. In vitro studies have demonstrated that two different metabolic pathways, glutathione conjugation mediated by the glutathione S-transferases and microsomal oxidation, may be involved in the genotoxicity a...

Biorenewable biomass has been extensively utilized as an appealing source of carbon and energy for the production of biochemicals and biofuels via biological fermentation to meet the increasing demand of petroleum-based products. A variety of biomass resources have been used such as dedicated crops and wastes including agriculture residue and forestry. Lignocellulosic biomass is consisting of h...

Cellulose nanowhiskers as one kind of renewable and biocompatible nanomaterials evoke much interest because its versatility in various applications. Herein, the sisal cellulose with ultrathin diameter 5–10 nm, high crystallinity 74% C6 carboxylate groups converted from primary hydroxyls were prepared via a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO system selective oxidizat...