In humans, the phenomenon of temporally graded retrograde amnesia has been described in the clinic and the laboratory for more than 100 years. In the 1990s, retrograde amnesia began to be studied prospectively in experimental animals. We identified 13 published studies in which animals were given equivalent training at two or more separate times before damage to the fornix or hippocampal format...

Why the fuss about episodic memory? This is the type of memory that is very susceptible to failure in many situations. Memory failure of this sort is usually referred to as amnesia. One of the most common examples of episodic memory failure is experienced by people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1]. AD is actually a type of dementia, which is a much more severe problem than amnesia. Patients wi...

Scopolamine a cholinergic antagonist may cause amnesia in human and animal models. Amnesia induced by Scopolamine has been widely used to understand the biochemical and behavioral changes in rodents. This model can be used to describe the therapeutic targets of memory impairment. In this model the Scopolamine decreases the central cholinergic neuronal activity, block muscarinic receptor and ind...