The probability that an observed infection has been transmitted from a particular member of a set of potential infectors is calculated. The calculations only use knowledge of the infection times. It is shown that the probabilities depend on the variability of individual infectivity. The analyses are based on different background information and different assumptions on the progress of infectivi...

M ention the word “computer,” and most people conjure up the same image: a machine designed to turn binary code into LaTex documents and Facebook feeds. But in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the word would have evoked a very different image: a person employed to perform calculations. Even more intriguingly, this computer was likely to be a woman. One of the first places where female compute...

the official iranian calendar is a solar one that in both the length and the first day of its year is based not on convention, but on two natural (i.e. astronomical) factors: a) the moment of coincidence of the centre of the sun and the vernal equinox during the sun’s apparent revolution around the earth; and b) the time length between two successive apparent passages of the sun’s center across...

the available methods for predicting mechanical characteristics of pavement layers are categorized into two general groups, destructive and non-destructive. in destructive method, using coring and pavement subgrade and performing necessary experiments on them, the quantities of layers properties will be identified. in non-destructive method, the attained deflection is measured by applying the l...

some arguments against infinite regress in islamic philosophy such as applied proof or argument of ones and thousands are based on the mathematical foundations and preliminaries. extraction and analysis of these preliminaries exposes mathematical nature of these arguments and shows that besides philosophical approach to these arguments should also look at them from perspective of mathematics. a...

in this study, gas evolution in a vertical electrochemical cell is investigated numerically with a modified two-fluid model. the mathematical model involves solution of separate transport equation for the gas and liquid phases with an allowance to inter-phase transfer of mass and momentum. the governing equations are discreted via the finite volume technique and then are solved by the simple al...

This paper describes CAMA (Computer-Aided Mathematical Analysis), which is a system that attempts to handle all conceivable mathematical operations, from simple numeric procedures to complex algebraic or settheoretic manipulations. CAMA operates in a timesharing environment with a large central computer and a remote terminal computer with graphical devices. Some of the features of CAMA are: the...

Several region connection calculi have been proposed for use in Qualitative Spatial Reasoning (QSR). Perhaps the most well-known model is RCC-8, which uses a 9-Intersection framework to identify the spatial relation between two regions. The calculation of the 9-Intersection matrix is particularly computationintensive in 3D. Herein we show that 9-Intersection calculations can be replaced with 2-...

introduction accurate estimation of the absorbed dose in radiosensitive organs, located away from the target volume during radiotherapy, is one of the main reasons for the development of reference phantoms. the international commission on radiological protection (icrp) reference phantoms can provide a more realistic view of the human anatomy in comparison with the previously used mathematical p...