Long-acting synthetic luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonists have become the mainstay for androgen-deprivation therapy, because they avoid the physical and psychological discomfort associated with orchidectomy and lack the potential cardiotoxicity associated with estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol. Currently available luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist analogues include leu...

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in older men in the United States (USA) and Western Europe. Androgen deprivation (AD) constitutes, in most cases, the first-line of treatment for these cases. The negative impact of CAD in quality of life, secondary to the adverse events of sustained hormone deprivation, plus the costs of this therapy, motivated the intermittent treatment app...

This paper describes two autonomous variants derived from originally androgen/estrogen-induced and hormone-dependent leiomyosarcomas of ductuli deferentia of Syrian hamsters. The selection of autonomous variants from an assumed heterogeneous population of tumor cells with varying degrees of hormone dependency was facilitated by withdrawal of hormone support from transplanted tumors, thereby han...

Due to the environmental and anthropogenic impacts that continue to threaten the reproductive success of polar bears, a more detailed understanding of their reproductive cycle is needed. Captive populations of polar bears provide an excellent opportunity to learn more about the reproductive physiology of the species. Progestin (P4) and androgen (T) metabolites in urine, and their ratio (P4:T), ...

The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in many cell types, and its related signaling widely investigated hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate breast. significance of the AR, however, has been detected even other cancers, including gastric, bladder, kidney, lung, hepatic, pancreatic, which growth spreading are not strictly or notoriously dependent on sex steroid hormone action. incidence ...

1. Female birds deposit variable amounts of androgens in the yolks of their eggs, and it has been suggested that yolk androgen deposition is an adaptive mechanism preparing offspring for a competitive environment. Breeding pairs of Eastern Bluebirds ( Sialia sialis ) Linnaeus were stimulated with an intruder presentation while ovarian follicles were developing. Yolk steroid concentrations in eg...

In their review article, Drs. Crawford and Moul seek to describe the cardiovascular (CV), renal, and pulmonary complications associated with the use of long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer.[1] Furthermore, they attempt to determine whether there is a difference in CV and renal complications between different types of ADT, including luteinizing hormone–releasi...

Ob-Rb: Long isoform of leptin receptor. Ob-Ra, Ob-RcÖOb-Rf: Short isoforms of leptin receptor. FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone. IGF-I: Insulin-like growth factor type 1. BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2. Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein. DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium. ER: Estrogen receptor alpha. ER: Estrogen receptor beta. AR: Androgen receptor. LHR: Luteinizing hormone receptor. FSHR: Folli...

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) could be considered as a disease that causes resistance to androgens actions, influencing both the morphogenesis and differentiation of the body structures, and systems in which this hormone exerts its effects. It depends on an X-linked mutations in the Androgen Receptor (AR) gene that express a variety of phenotypes ranging from male infertility to complet...

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in the United States.[1] Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment for prostate cancer. ADT includes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin), bilateral orchiectomy, and anti-androgen receptor blockers such as flutamide and bicalutamide. Several studies have no...