background: vaccination against fatal viral and bacterial diseases is still the best protective way to lower morbidity and mortality rate in end‑stage renal disease (esrd) patients. it has been reported that there is high incidence of low protective levels of igg after vaccination in esrd adult patients. the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective status of vaccination against diphther...

A form of systemic tetanus with atypical symptoms was observed in mice injected in the left thigh with a mixture of tetanus toxin and antibody produced in guinea pigs against a fragment of toxin obtained from a subtilisin digest of the crystallized toxin. The mice did not show typical symptoms of the local tetanus such as convulsions or spastic paralysis of the injected limb.

Using freshly isolated Ia+ gut epithelial cells we have been able to demonstrate that these cells can function as accessory cells in an immune response. The cells can act as stimulators in both autologous and allogeneic MLRs. More importantly, these cells are capable of taking up the soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid, processing it, and presenting it to tetanus-primed T cells. These functions app...

BACKGROUND Vaccination rates are frequently considered a surrogate measure of protection. To provide more accurate estimates, serum levels of antibody against tetanus were measured as part of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which studied a representative sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. METHODS We measured t...

Tetanus toxoid elicits protective antibodies against tetanus toxin in humans and animals. It has been reported that antitoxin from immunized humans contains no anti-light chain antibodies, based on immunodiffusion and quantitative precipitin analyses. We confirmed the absence of precipitating anti-light chain antibodies in tetanus immune globulin. However, the presence of antibodies against the...

background: in some studies inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and celiac disease were considered to be associated and some belive that this association may influence the prognosis of ibd. however, there is a cosiderable controversy regarding this association. therefore ,we aimed to assess the association of these two common digestive diseases and evaluate the complications of this association. m...

We evaluated the functional activity of Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) antibodies elicited in a group of infants immunized with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine combined with an Hib vaccine produced totally in Brazil after technological transfer of Hib vaccine production from Glaxo SmithKline, Belgium. Blood samples from immunized infants (N = 985) were collected for the determination o...