Conventionally, in Escherichia coli, phylogenetic groups A and B1 are associated with commensal strains while B2 and D are associated with extraintestinal strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate diarrheagenic (DEC) and commensal E. coli phylogeny and its association with antibiotic resistance and clinical characteristics of the diarrheal episode. Phylogenetic groups and antibiotic resist...

Background: Excessive and irrational use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea has caused increased resistance to these medications. It is well defined that most cases of diarrhea in children do not require the use of antibiotics. This study was aimed to determine the status of antibiotic administration for treatment of acute diarrhea in children younger than five years. All who adm...

Diarrhea after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be life-threatening, and its etiology includes conditioning regimens, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), infections, and transplantation-associated microangiopathy (iTAM). Cord colitis syndrome (CCS) has been described as a syndrome of culture-negative and antibiotic-responsive persistent watery and non-bloody diarrhea of uncertai...

Objective: To determine if there are identifiable risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea in surgical patients after treatment of polymicrobial infections. Design: Record review of an 11-year dataset of consecutive infections treated in surgical patients in a single hospital. Data were prospectively collected on adult surgery and trauma surgery patients. Par...

Background Irrational use of antibiotics is a global problem. Failure to follow clinical guidelines is one of the main reasons for irrational use of antibiotics. Cough and/or diarrhea are the main childhood illnesses in Ethiopia, and health care providers are expected to follow the national guideline while managing these illnesses. This study tried to assess the extent of adherence to the guide...

Probiotics are increasingly used for prevention and treatment of diarrhea more in children than in adults. Given the broad spectrum of diarrhea, this review focuses on the main etiologies: acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). For each, we reviewed randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines. For acute gastroenteritis w...

In recent years, probiotics and prebiotics have become a hot topic. There are an increasing number of health benefits attributed to them. However, only a few of the benefits have been confirmed in well-conducted randomized controlled trials. This paper was written to evaluate the evidence on the effect of administration of probiotics and prebiotics in children. Electronic databases and the refe...

Antibiotics are the main, and often only, clinical intervention for prophylactic and active treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Perhaps it is not surprising that these drugs also shift the composition of commensal bacteria inside our bodies, especially those within the gut microbial community (microbiota). How these dynamics ultimately affect the function of the gut microbiota, however...

OBJECTIVE Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and particularly Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) are the most common causes of healthcare associated infectious diarrhea. A double-blind, dose response, placebo-controlled trial of the probiotic formula (Bio-K+ Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R formula) for prophylaxis of AAD and CDAD was published in ...

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the principal infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and accounts for 12% of hospital-acquired infections. Recent literature has shown an increased risk of C. difficile infection (CDI) with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic assessment of the risk of hospital-acquired CDI following exposure to PPI. METHODS We search...