In age-matched controlled studies performed in Japan, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis was isolated from 14.9% of 114 children aged 1 to 14 years with antibiotic-unassociated diarrhea (AUD) and 6.5% of 108 children aged 1 to 6 years with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The difference in comparison with control children, was significant for AUD children but not AAD children.

Inappropriate antibiotic use leads to increased risk of antibiotic resistance and other adverse outcomes. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence and characteristics of antibiotic use in Egyptian hospitals to identify opportunities for quality improvement. A point prevalence survey was conducted in 18 hospitals in March 2011. A total of 3408 patients were included and 59% r...

BACKGROUND The prophylactic use of antimicrobial agents to prevent infections in non-surgical situations has hardly been investigated. We investigate the extent, indications and appropriateness of antimicrobial prophylaxis given outside the operating room in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS Four point-prevalence surveys were conducted in which all inpatients on that day were screened for the...

The use of antimicrobials is an important factor contributing to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The goal of our study was to evaluate the impact of the introduction of an antibiotic surgical prophylaxis protocol on the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in a tertiary care hospital. The protocol of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis was designed by ...

BACKGROUND Rifaximin is a non-absorbable antibiotic used to prevent relapses of hepatic encephalopathy which may also be a candidate for prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). AIM To detect the impact of rifaximin on the occurrence and characteristics of SBP. METHODS We prospectively studied all hospitalized patients that underwent a diagnostic paracentesis in our departmen...

Transurethral Ureterolithotripsy (TUL) is a frequently used procedure in urology departments. Many urologists perform TUL without antibiotic prophylaxis; however the use of chemoprophylaxis before TUL remains a controversial issue in urology. This study was carried out to assess the safety of omitting antibiotic prophylaxis prior to TUL. In a prospective randomized clinical trial from January 2...

BACKGROUND The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is not to sterilize the operative field, but to minimize the perioperative bacterial load to the level that will not result in clinical infection. Patient-related risk factors, such as poor nutritional status, smoking, diabetes and impaired immune system, and nature of the surgery should be reviewed when considering prophylactic use of antibiotics. ...

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common and preventable complication of surgery, but the relative importance of individual measures recommended by guidelines has not been determined. Elective general surgical, neurological, and orthopedic procedures requiring antibiotic prophylaxis from a 3-month period were retrospectively studied to determine concordance with SSI prevention guidelines and t...

OBJECTIVE To quantify the change in prescribing of antibiotic prophylaxis before invasive dental procedures for patients at risk of infective endocarditis, and any concurrent change in the incidence of infective endocarditis, following introduction of a clinical guideline from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in March 2008 recommending the cessation of antibiotic...

BACKGROUND The frequency of caesarean sections is increasing. Infection in operation wounds and/or underlying spaces and organs is a common complication. In Veileder I fødselshjelp [Clinical Guidelines in Obstetrics], 2008, antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended in the form of single dose ampicillin or first generation cephalosporins in connection with acute caesarean sections and under special ...