When antimicrobials are used there is always a risk that the selection of antimicrobial resistance will occur. Some bacterial species appear to develop resistance more quickly than others, such as Escherichia coli and some antimicrobials have resistance developed quite easily against them e.g. the tetracyclines. The first approach is to avoid or reduce the use of antimicrobials by using high he...

Livestock manure treatment and storage structures are potential environmental sources of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, the occurrence of antimicrobials and ARGs was investigated in the water and the sludge compartments of beef cattle storage ponds and swine lagoons. Analysis was focused on two families of antimicrobials (sulfonamide and tetracycline) a...

OBJECTIVES The patterns of purchasing prescription antimicrobials with or without a prescription from retail pharmacies in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, were examined in relation to purchasers' socioeconomic status and price of the product. METHODS A survey was conducted at 250 randomly selected pharmacies in Ulaanbaatar. A total of 619 customers were interviewed, and the medicines they bought at th...

AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding Acremonium charticola-fermented cassava pulp (AC-FCP) on the intestinal microbial ecology and hematological indices of broiler chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 240 male Lohman day-old-chicks were randomly allotted to one of the four experimental diets including control diet, control diet + antimicrobials (neomycin; 300 ...

Use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials contributes to selection and dissemination of bacterial resistance determinants that may be transferred to humans and constitute a global public health concern. Because of the continued emergence and expansion of antimicrobial resistance, combined with the lack of novel antimicrobial agents, efforts are underway to preserve the efficacy of current avai...

Some drug management systems have been established in Japanese hospitals to reduce medical cost and regulate drug use. Among the many available prescription drugs, antimicrobials should be used special attention because their indiscriminate use often leads to sudden outbreaks of resistant bacteria. As drug specialists, pharmacists should monitor the use of all drugs, in particular, antimicrobia...

OBJECTIVES To describe the use of antimicrobials in a veterinary teaching hospital for companion animals in Italy, with particular regard to the agreement with recommendations of prudent use METHODS The study was conducted with a retrospective, cross-sectional design. The population under investigation included 18,905 cats and dogs that were referred to the hospital between 2000 and 2007. Two...

Background. Inappropriate empiric antimicrobials could be a major cause of unfavorable mortality rates in co-morbid patients. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and impact of first-dose and 24-hour inappropriate antimicrobials on mortality rates of bacteremic septic patients. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was employed. Case record forms of patients diagnosed as sepsis, severe sep...

BACKGROUND Unnecessary use of antimicrobials contributes to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant nosocomial pathogens in part through elimination of normal anaerobic bacterial flora that inhibit overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted in a 650-bed, university-affiliated hospital. All adult nonintensive care inpatie...

Antimicrobials are an effective treatment for many types of infections, but their overuse promotes the spread of resistant microorganisms that defy conventional treatments and complicate patient care. In 2009, an antimicrobial stewardship program was implemented at Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH, Toronto, Canada). Components of this program were to alter the fraction of patients prescribed antimicro...