UNLABELLED Neuromodulation of olfactory circuits by acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in odor discrimination and learning. Early processing of chemosensory signals occurs in two functionally and anatomically distinct regions, the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB), which receive extensive cholinergic input from the basal forebrain. Here, we explore the regulation of AOB ...

This study was carried out to determine the level of attractiveness of anterior open bites (AOB) and reverse overjets of varying severity. A sample of 180 non-dental students (101 females and 79 males; average age 20 +/- 0.75 years) and 45 dental professionals (12 females and 33 males; average age 35.5 +/- 5.07 years) was asked to complete a questionnaire to rate the level of attractiveness of ...

The vomeronasal system (VNS) mediates pheromonal communication in mammals. From the vomeronasal organ, two populations of sensory neurons, expressing either Gai2 or Gao proteins, send projections that end in glomeruli distributed either at the rostral or caudal half of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), respectively. Neurons at the AOB contact glomeruli of a single subpopulation. The dichotomi...

Chemosensory information processing in the mouse accessory olfactory system guides the expression of social behavior. After salient chemosensory encounters, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) experiences changes in the balance of excitation and inhibition at reciprocal synapses between mitral cells (MCs) and local interneurons. The mechanisms underlying these changes remain controversial. Moreo...

Many classes of environmental pollutants, which are found at significant levels in the environment, affect the reproductive functions. The gonadal functions of various animals are regulated by pheromones excreted from mating partners. Pheromones in male urine play essential roles in the sexual maturation of female mice. Pheromones are received by sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ, which ...

The emission of greenhouse gases, such as N2O, from wastewater treatment plants is a matter of growing concern. Denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) has been identified as the main N2O producing pathway. To estimate N2O emissions during biological nitrogen removal, reliable mathematical models are essential. In this work, a mathematical model for NO (a precursor for N2O formation...

The mammalian vomeronasal system is specialized in pheromone detection. The neural circuitry of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) provides an anatomical substrate for the coding of pheromone information. Here, we describe the axonal projection pattern of vomeronasal sensory neurons to the AOB and the dendritic connectivity pattern of second-order neurons. Genetically traced sensory neurons exp...

INTRODUCTION Anterior open-bite (AOB) treatment is considered challenging because of difficulties in determining and addressing etiologic factors and the potential for relapse in the vertical dimension after treatment. In this review, we compiled evidence on the long-term stability of the major therapeutic interventions for correcting AOB. Our objective was to review and compile evidence for th...

Although nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization are important for maintaining the health productivity of Leymus chinensis steppe, their impact on abundance community structure ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) archaea (AOA) in this ecosystem is still unclear. We used amoA gene as a molecular marker to monitor changes AOA AOB under low high N P applied resin-core technique measure soil min...

Opposite-sex attraction in most mammals depends on the fine-tuned integration of pheromonal stimuli with gonadal hormones in the brain circuits underlying sexual behaviour. Neural activity in these circuits is regulated by sensory processing in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), the first central station of the vomeronasal system. Recent evidence indicates adult neurogenesis in the AOB is invo...