We are grateful to Drs. Scarlata and Antonelli-Incalzi (1) for their interest in our recent publication in Diabetes Care (2). We respectfully have to disagree with their statement that our study focused on “how rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation due to obstructive sleep apnea [OSA] affects glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.” Indeed, our study was a cross-sectional analysis and did not...

Abstract Introduction Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is a useful tool for assessing upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive apnea (OSA) and frequently influences surgical plans. The standard DISE setup of an endoscopic tower flexible bronchoscope adequate visualizing configurations, but findings do not always correlate actual respiratory physiology. We describe our enhanced clin...

To probe further the contributions of the rostral pons to eupneic respiratory rhythm and pattern, we tested the hypothesis that ibotenic acid (IA) injections in the pontine respiratory group (PRG) would disrupt eupneic respiratory rhythm and pattern in a site- and state-specific manner. In 15 goats, cannulas were bilaterally implanted into the rostral pontine tegmental nuclei (RPTN; n = 3), the...

Hypoxia (i.e., decreased O2 availability) is a pervasive physiological stimulus that profoundly affects biological systems. Systemic responses to acute hypoxia occur within seconds and are mediated entirely by reflexes originating from peripheral chemoreceptors especially the carotid bodies. Cellular mechanisms associated with acute hypoxia involve inhibition of certain classes of K channels le...

Apnea, the cessation of breathing, is a common physiological and pathophysiological phenomenon. Among the different forms of apnea, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is clinically the most prominent manifestation. OSA is characterized by repetitive airway occlusions that are typically associated with peripheral airway obstructions. However, it would be an oversimplification to conclude that OSA is ...