smelting of hammerable iron and its treatment in antiquity and Medieval produced also by-product: slag. Because of small yields of iron the process produced only small amounts of slag that did not attract attention of smelters concerning its possible use. the use of slag pieces was only accidental. a lot of slag pieces and blocks from slag pit shaft furnaces were used as a material for mound bu...

Abstract Controlling and optimizing smelting processes in submerged-arc furnaces are complicated by the limited amount of information available regarding internal conditions. Computer models can help to bridge this knowledge gap. Due process complexity, computer commonly restricted electrical conditions, thermal or chemical reactions, for instance. We have developed an overall model a pilot-sca...

Abstract The article analyzes the problem of energy saving in context organizational and technical measures. One factors is use waste heat various potential. advantages using sector scope their application are considered. Power plants for processing parameters described. Examples creation special devices chemical industry given. connection internal (by-product) resources (IER) with technologies...

Ferrochrome is the major chromium source for stainless steel production, and submerged-arc furnaces (SAF) are most commonly utilised to smelt chromite ores into ferrochrome by using suitable carbonaceous reductants such as coke. Because of the complexity of feed structure and electrical-thermal-chemical interactions, there exist large gradients and wide distributions of temperature, mineralogy ...

The subject matter of this paper, if treated in the general sense, covers an extremely wide field to which it is impossible to do justice in the time allocated. It is even difficult to cover the subject adequately if we confine ourselves only to the furnace design of bagasse fired sugar mill boilers. I therefore intend to give a short summary of past and present bagasse furnace designs and cove...