■ Abstract Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our c...

In the previous lesson, we looked into the example of an electrical network and showed that a simple local policy for an agent, in our case an electron, can lead to the optimization of a large distributed problem which is the minimization of energy loss in the network. In this lesson, we consider a road traffic model to demonstrate that choosing local policies is not trivial and how potential w...

Similarity is a focal idea in cognitive theory. It is used to help explain conceptual structure, transfer of learning, generalization, and other basic phenomena. Despite its importance no satisfactory process model for similarity has yet been proposed. Previous work has generally assumed that similarity requires a simple measurement of mental distance or a straightforward count of matching and ...

“Beauty, however, in its general aspect, is the inseparable characteristic of the idea when it has become known. In other words, everything is beautiful in which an idea is revealed; for to be beautiful means no more than clearly to express an idea.” — Schopenhauer (2004-eBook edition) “In the last analysis, the artist may shout from all the rooftops that he is a genius: he will have to wait fo...

Solaris należy do kanonu gatunku fantastyki naukowej, a ściśle jej wersji wykorzystującej motyw kontaktu z obcym. Choć ma już przeszło 60 lat, nie przestaje fascynować kolejnych pokoleń czytelników. Czy wynika to faktu, że otacza ją nimb nowoczesności i postępu technologicznego? Problem podboju kosmosu zgłębiania jego tajemnic wciąż kategorii postrzeganej jako namysł nad scenariuszami przyszłoś...

‎In The endoscopic classification of representations‎‎, ‎J‎. ‎Arthur has proved the Langlands' classification for discrete series of p-adic classical groups‎. ‎This uses endoscopy and twisted endoscopy‎. ‎In this very short note‎, ‎we remark that the normalization ‎$‎rm‎grave{a}‎$‎ la Langlands-Shahidi of the intertwining operators‎, ‎allows to avoid endoscopy‎. ‎This is based on the intertwini...

Noam Chomsky argues that only a meager percentage of the world, consisting of mainly large corporations and developed nations, prosper from globalization. As stated in Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-System Theory, the modern system of the world, which is constructed according to the economic status of nations, can be divided into three levels: the core, the semi-periphery, and the periphery. Whil...