Purpose. To characterize the symptomatology of refractive, accommodative, and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions and to assess the association between dysfunctions and symptoms. Methods. 175 randomised university students were examined. Subjects were given a subjective visual examination with accommodative and binocular tests, evaluating their symptomatology. Accommodative and binocular dysfu...

BACKGROUND This paper investigates viewing distances and eyestrain symptoms in young adults reading from a smartphone for 60 minutes. METHODS A survey related to common asthenopic (eyestrain) symptoms was administered to subjects before and after they read an extract from a novel on a smartphone for 60 minutes. Subjects rated their symptoms on a scale from zero (not at all) to four (extremely...

Emerging virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) systems can produce highly immersive experiences, but also induce visual discomfort, eyestrain, and nausea for some users. One of the sources of these symptoms is the lack of natural focus cues in all current VR/AR near-eye displays. These displays project stereoscopic image pairs, driving the vergence state of the eyes to arbitrary distances. Howe...