The ionic mechanism underlying optimal stimulus shapes that induce a neuron to fire an action potential, or spike, is relevant to understanding optimal information transmission and therapeutic stimulation in the nervous system. Here we analyze for the first time the ionic basis for stimulus optimality in the Hodgkin and Huxley model and for eliciting a spike in squid giant axons, the preparatio...

The enantiomeric enrichment of racemic 1-benzylated Reissert compounds under organocatalytic biphasic conditions is presented. The enrichment is the consequence of an asymmetric destruction of the racemic compounds resulting in the formation of the corresponding 1-benzylated isoquinolines. The highest selectivity has been achieved using quaternary cinchona alkaloids as phase-transfer catalysts....

Background: Optically active ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate [(R)-HPBE] is an important chiral building block for the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is reported that microbial or enzymatic reduction of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenyl-butyrate (OPBE) is an attractive way to produce optically active (R)-HPBE. Results: The asymmetric reduction of OPBE to synthesize optic...

BACKGROUND This is a study of the influence of body weight on defibrillation, resuscitation, and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a nonescalating impedance-compensating 150-J biphasic waveform defibrillator. METHODS Cardiac arrest data from Rochester, MN, emergency medical services over a 6-yr period was retrospectively analyzed. Patient weight data were a...

Aortic stiffness, peripheral wave reflection, and aorta-to-peripheral pulse pressure amplification all predict cardiovascular risk. However, the pathophysiological mechanism behind it is unknown. Tonometric pressure waveforms were recorded on the radial, carotid, and femoral arteries in 138 hypertensive patients (age: 56±13 years) to estimate aorta-to-peripheral amplifications, aortic augmentat...

Abstract In Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) subjects, recent evidence suggests the presence of unique coagulation abnormalities. this study, we performed clot waveform analyses to investigate whether specific modulations are observed in COVID-19 subjects. We analyzed second derivative absorbance routine APTT tests using an ACL-TOP system. high frequencies abnormal patterns second-derivative...