The efficient use of testing resources is a key issue in the fight against doping. The longitudinal tracking of sporting performances to identify unusual improvements possibly caused by doping, so-called “athlete’s performance passport” (APP) is a new concept to improve targeted anti-doping testing. In fact, unusual performances by an athlete would trigger a more thorough testing program. In th...

Background: Athletes maintain a balance between stress and recovery adopt modalities that manage fatigue enhance performance. Optimal TST is subject to individual variance. However, 7–9 h sleep recommended for adults, while elite athletes may require more quality than non-athletes. Methods: A total of 338 (elite n = 115, 74 males 41 females, aged 23.44 ± 4.91 years; sub-elite 223, 129 94 female...

The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a self-report instrument that measures the nature of the coach – athlete relationship. Jowett and colleagues’ (Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett, in press) qualitative case studies and relevant literature were used to generate items for an instrument that measures affective, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the coach – athlete relationsh...