Wagner’s Law states that the share of government expenditure in GNP will increase with economic development; many associated empirical studies substitute GNP with GDP. This paper presents an empirical investigation into the validity of Wagner’s Law for New Zealand over the period 19602007 and compares the results obtained using these two measures of output. Application of the autoregressive dis...

This paper attempts a resolution of the Fisher effect puzzle in terms of estimator choice. Using both short-term and long-term interest rates for 14 OECD countries, we find ample evidence supporting the existence of a long-run Fisher effect in which interest rates move oneto-one with inflation. Our results suggest that the reason why the Fisher effect has not found support internationally lies ...

Testing for white noise has been well studied in the literature of econometrics and statistics. For most of the proposed test statistics, such as the well-known Box–Pierce test statistic with fixed lag truncation number, the asymptotic null distributions are obtained under independent and identically distributed assumptions and may not be valid for dependent white noise. Because of recent popul...

A possibly non-stationary autoregressive process, of unknown finite order, with possibly infinite-variance innovations is studied. The Ordinary Least Squares autoregressive parameter estimates are shown to be consistent, and their rate of convergence, which depends on the index of stability, α, is established. We also establish consistency of lag-order selection criteria in the non-stationary c...

This study examines the causal relationship between international public relations expenditure and its economic returns at the country level. In order to overcome the limitations of previous studies that have attempted to quantify the outcomes of public relations efforts and investments using correlations, this study conducted a more rigorous causality test by measuring the relationship between...

This study attempts to examine the linkage between environmental degradation and economic growth in Pakistan over the period 1972-2011. The main concern of this study is to test the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve in case of Pakistan and aims to find out the total and per capita carbon efficiency of Pakistan. Moreover, this study estimates the tipping point of environmental Kuznets curv...

In the transition to a low carbon economy, minerals are crucial. The demand for required create and install green energy technology, such as solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles, storage, is rising along with it. particular, countries that hold these mineral reserves should be thought of thriving economically from essential resources (such cobalt, lithium, others). This study uses imp...

The current study aims to examine the determinants of capital adequacy ratio (CAR) in context Jordanian banks through a literature review and analysis empirical evidence. aggregate data were obtained from Globaleconomy.com, Financial Soundness Indicators, Central Bank Jordan, World Data covering period 2003 2021. analyzed using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), utilizing Econometric Views ...