in this study 495 smallholder dairy farms in 52 villages of different township in southwestern province of iran (chaharmohal and bakhtiari province) included 1321 lactating cows and 2811 total mature cows (lactating and dry) during winter 2009 to summer 2010 were used to estimate economic opportunities insmallholder dairy farms. questionnaire survey was used to collect data from last year infor...

Decisive heifer management for improved lactation and reduced dystocia requires a systematic analysis of age, body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) using an adequately large sample size. The objective of this study was to determine effects of BW and age at first breeding and ADG until pregnancy on yields of milk, milk fat, and milk protein in the first lactation and the occurrence of d...

background preterm premature rupture of membrane (pprom) prior to 37 weeks’ gestation is among the most common obstetrics problems, which is associated with prenatal mortality and several maternal and neonatal complications. history of pprom is a risk factor for recurrence. zinc has an important effect on the strength of membranes by affecting collagen [tensile] strength - a substance with immu...

We examine the dynamics of an age-structured population model in which the life expectancy of an offspring may be mutated with respect to that of the parent. While the total population of the system always reaches a steady state, the fitness and age characteristics exhibit counter-intuitive behavior as a function of the mutational bias. By analytical and numerical study of the underlying rate e...

This is an investigation of stochastic choice when only the average of the choices is observable. For example when one observes aggregate sales numbers from a store, but not the frequency with which each item was purchased. The focus of our work is on the Luce model, also known as the Logit model. We show that a simple path independence property of average choice uniquely characterizes the Luce...

We introduce a model-based average reward Reinforcement Learning method called H-learning and compare it with its discounted counterpart, Adaptive Real-Time Dynamic Programming, in a simulated robot scheduling task. We also introduce an extension to H-learning, which automatically explores the unexplored parts of the state space, while always choosing greedy actions with respect to the current ...

Introduction Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is achieved by collecting a series of Diffusion Weighted Images (DWI) with different diffusion weighted vectors. For each DWI, it is usually acquired with multiple repetitions to boost the signal to noise ratio. Most of the MRI consoles saved the DWI after the K-space averaging automatically. Some other MRI consoles, such as the Siemens 3T human scann...

uses of ‘average’ differ in several ways from concrete uses. In sentences of the sort we are focusing on, in which ‘average’ is part of a definite description in subject position, the truth conditions of examples with concrete ‘average’ can typically be paraphrased as generic statements. For example, (4a) is true just in case it generally holds that individuals who are New Yorkers and are avera...