The influence of glutamate intake on growth and appetite, and the mechanisms of preference and aversion for monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) solutions were investigated in rats. Food intake, but not weight gain, was reduced significantly in rats fed a glutamate + glutamine (Glx)-deficient diet compared with those fed a control diet. Increase in the voluntary intake of Glx solutions was more rapid i...

Through conditioned food aversion learning, livestock can be trained to avoid eating harmful plants. The objectives of this study were to determine whether social facilitation will extinguish an aversion to larkspur (a poisonous plant on mountain rangelands) and to determine whether the aversion can be reinforced to withstand social facilitation in a group-feeding and field-grazing situation. T...

The standard contract theory adopts the traditional hypothesis of pure self-interest. However, a series of game experiments have proven that people are not any self-interest but also inequity averse. Then, how will the inequity aversion influence the optimal contract for multiple agents? This paper attempts to obtain new theoretical insights by incorporating inequity aversion into the standard ...

Theories of decision under risk that assume decreasing marginal utility of money have been critiqued with concavity calibration arguments. Since that critique uses varying payoffs and fixed probabilities, it cannot have implications for calibration of nonlinear probability transformation, which is another way to model risk aversion. The concavity calibration critique also has no implication for...

In this paper we examine the effect of stochastic volatility on optimal portfolio choice in both partial and general equilibrium settings. In a partial equilibrium setting we derive an analog of the classic Samuelson–Merton optimal portfolio result and define volatility-adjusted risk aversion as the effective risk aversion of an individual investing in an asset with stochastic volatility. We ex...

1 National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 2 Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital and Outpatient Clinic, Budapest, Hungary, 3 Institute of Psychology, Eötövös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Skylark Health Research Ltd., London, United Kingdom, 5 Departme...

In order to determine whether some nutrients are more salient targets than others for the development of learned taste aversions a large group of normal human subjects were surveyed about their experiences with such aversions. The targets of these spontaneously occurring food aversions were identified and classified into general food categories. A prominent category for human aversions proved t...

Clinical ethics committees have existed in Norway since 1996. By now all hospital trusts have one. An evaluation of these committees’ work was started in 2004. This paper presents results from an interview study of eight clinicians who evaluated six committees’ deliberations on ten clinical cases. The study indicates that the clinicians found the clinical ethics consultations useful and worth w...

The authors begin their chapter by noting that while traditionally little attention has been paid to issues of postconditioning manipulations on conditioned performance more current work has shown that “Treatments occurring between training and testing have been very valuable in isolating the various processes presumably involved in the learning that occurred as well as the associative content ...

This paper provides experimental evidence on the relationship between social preferences and cognitive abilities, which we measure using the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT). We elicit social preferences by way of 24 dictatorial situations, in which the Dictator's choice sets include (i) standard Dictator games, where increasing the Dictator's payoff yields a loss for the Recipient, (ii) efficie...