Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/H5N1 has been reported in 11 African countries. Migratory waterbirds have the potential of introducing A/H5N1 into east Africa through the Rift Valley of Kenya. We present the results of a wild bird surveillance system for A/H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses based on avian fecal sampling in Kenya. We collected 2630 fecal samples in 2008. Viral RNA ...

High-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) and low-pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza (LPNAI) in poultry are notifiable diseases that must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). There are variations between countries' responses to avian influenza (AI) outbreak situations based on their economic status, diagnostic capacity and other factors. The objective of this stu...

Vaccination programs for the control of avian influenza (AI) in poultry have limitations due to the problem of differentiating between vaccinated and virus-infected birds. We have used NS1, the conserved nonstructural protein of influenza A virus, as a differential diagnostic marker for influenza virus infection. Experimentally infected poultry were evaluated for the ability to induce antibodie...

Understanding the distributions of poultry diseases will help planning for disease control and prevention more effectively. Studies on poultry diseases in Iran are scarce. We investigated the incidence of mortality in broiler chicken flocks in Iran as part of a national project. Specifically, documents from September 2004 to November 2005 related to the mortality of broilers that were covered b...

Background and Aims: Avian influenza (AI) is an acute infectious disease of poultry, waterfowl, wild birds, and animals, zoonotically transmitted to humans. Some incidents of HPAI are reported in Iran: H5N1 and H5N8. Iranian Veterinary Organization decides on vaccination (H5) of layer and breeder flocks in high-risk provinces following the outbreak in Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the seru...

BACKGROUND Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. Fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (LPMWs) and local community residents (CRs) to face the challenges of LPAI and HPAI is very important to minimize viral a...

UNLABELLED Zoonotic avian influenza virus infections may lead to epidemics or pandemics. The 1918 pandemic influenza virus has an avian influenza virus-like genome, and its H1 hemagglutinin was identified as a key mammalian virulence factor. A chimeric 1918 virus expressing a contemporary avian H1 hemagglutinin, however, displayed murine pathogenicity indistinguishable from that of the 1918 vir...

There are 30 recorded epizootics of H5 or H7 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) from 1959 to early 2012. The largest of these epizootics, affecting more birds and countries than the other 29 epizootics combined, has been the H5N1 HPAI, which began in Guangdong China in 1996, and has killed or resulted in culling of over 250 million poultry and/or wild birds in 63 countries. Most countrie...

objectives the aim of this was to indentify the presence of a/h9n2 virus among different high risk occupational groups, in tehran and qazvin provinces in seasonal outbreak in iran. background in the last decade h9n2 avian influenza viruses had caused outbreaks in poultry in many parts of the world. this subtype could infect other animals such as human and pig. avian h9n2 virus has acquired rece...

A reassortant influenza A virus was produced by mating an avian influenza A/Pintail/Alberta/119/79 (H4N6) virus with wild-type human influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) virus. The avian-human influenza A reassortant virus contained the genes coding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens of the human influenza wild-type virus and the six other RNA segments (internal genes) of ...