Memory and learning are considered as the most complicated and important processes of behavioral sciences. On the other hand, considering the wide .and progressively increasing applications of anesthetic agents all over the world, it is of great importance to have a reasonable knowledge regarding their effects on the memory process and its retrieval. The main purpose of this study was to evalua...

BACKGROUND In spite of recent enrichment of neurochemical and behavioural data establishing a neuroprotective role for lithium, its primary effects on cognitive functioning remain ambiguous. This study examines chronic lithium effects on spatial working memory and long-term retention. METHODS In three discrete experiments, rats subjected to 30 daily intraperitoneal injections (2mmol/kg) of li...

‎ introduction: controversial results have been reported about the effect of morphine and stress on learning and spatial memory in rodents. there are very few studies about the effects of ultra low doses of morphine on memory. in this study, effects of acute administration of low and usual doses of morphine on memory formation and retention in the presence and absence of repeated stress were in...

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from deficiency of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex leading to branched chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine accumulation as well as their corresponding transaminated branched-chain α-keto acids. MSUD patients present neurological dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Here...

Introduction: Estrogen is one of the gonadal hormones that has multiple beneficial actions in central nervous system and involves in learning and memory. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that impairs patient memory. The human nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) is severely affected in Alzheimer's disease. So in this study the effect of peripheral (intramuscul...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The pre-motor symptomatic stages of the disease are commonly characterized by cognitive problems including memory loss. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a mitochondrial toxin that produces selective lesions in the brain similar to that of HD and was proven to cause memory impairment in rodents. Phytoestrogens have well-estab...

conclusions these results indicated that aqueous extract of lemon verbena (≥ 100 mg/kg) has undesirable effects on memory; however, understanding the underling mechanisms needs further investigation. background lemon verbena (lippia citriodora) has been known to have various pharmacologic activities. objectives lemon verbena leaves are used to make an herbal tea, which is traditionally used for...

growing evidence suggests that serotonin plays an important role in learning and memory and all its receptors might be implicated in this process. the present study aimed at investigating and comparing the possible involvement of 5-ht 3 and 5-ht 4 receptor (r) agonists/antagonists upon consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory in the pre-limbic (pl) area. bilateral intra-pl microinjections o...