Polyclonal activation of murine B cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dextran sulfate (DxS) results in cell proliferation as well as increased immunoglobulin gene transcription and antibody secretion. When added to B cell cultures during mitogen activation, anti-mu antibody suppresses the rate of proliferation and immunoglobulin gene expression. Using this model system we show tha...

The activation of T lymphocytes for antigen-induced proliferative responses (1), T lymphocyte cytotoxicity (2), delayed-type hypersensitivity (3), and helper function for antibody responses (4) requires their recognition of the nominal antigen on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) 1 bearing Ia-DR molecules encoded by the I region of the major histocompatibility locus. In addition t...

MS is a chronic heterogeneous demyelinating disease of the CNS among young population, manifested by unpredictable attacks and subsequent remissions (McGinley et al., 2021; Lublin 2022). The develops as result an interaction between genetic environmental factors (Dobson 2019). most important risk factor are alleles genes encoding human leucocyte antigens (HLAs), especially HLA-DRB1*1501 (Hollen...

Abstract Background B cells play an important role in the immune system due to production of the immunoglobulin and secreting several cytokines. It has been shown that B cells produced successfully in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) and Flt3 ligand (Flt3L). IL2, IL7, and IL15 cytokines as -common family have an essential cytokines may support either synergistically or in an additive m...

HACS1 is a Src homology 3 and sterile alpha motif domain-containing adaptor that is preferentially expressed in normal hematopoietic tissues and malignancies including myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Microarray data showed HACS1 expression is up-regulated in activated human B cells treated with interleukin (IL)-4, CD40L, and anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)M and clustered with genes involved i...

The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is essential for immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) is a scaffolding component of the IkappaB kinase complex required for NF-kappaB activation in vitro. Because NF-kappaB activation is involved in B cell development and function, we set out to determine whether NEMO is required for these processes. N...

Accumulation of distinct sets of genetic/epigenetic alterations is thought to contribute to stepwise progression of human cutaneous melanomas. We found evidence of frequent tumor cell autonomous transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) signal activation in both premalignant and malignant stages of human cutaneous melanoma histogenesis and investigated its potential causative roles using human organ...