Cooperation is usually represented as a Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Although individual selfinterest may not favour cooperation, cooperation can evolve if, for example, players interact multiple times adjusting their behaviour accordingly to opponent’s previous action. To analyze population dynamics, replicator equation has been widely used under several versions. Although it is usually stated tha...

We construct a statistical ensemble of games, where in each independent subensemble we have two players playing the same game. We derive the mean payoffs per move of the representative players of the game, and we evaluate all the deterministic policies with finite memory. In particular, we show that if one of the players has a generalized tit-for-tat policy, the mean payoff per move of both pla...

To achieve a preferred global behavior of self-organizing systems, suitable local interaction strategies have to be found. In general, this is a non-trivial task. In this paper, a general method is proposed that allows to systematically derive local interaction strategies by specifying the preferred global behavior. In addition, the resulting strategies can be evaluated using Markovian analysis...

A basic evolutionary problem posed by the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game is to understand when the paradigmatic cooperative strategy Tit-for-Tat can invade a population of pure defectors. Deterministically, this is impossible. We consider the role of demographic stochasticity by embedding the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma into a population dynamic framework. Tit-for-Tat can invade a population ...

Systems delivering stored video content using a peer-assisted approach are able to serve large numbers of concurrent requests by utilizing upload bandwidth from their clients to assist in delivery. In systems providing download service, BitTorrent-like protocols may be used in which “tit-for-tat” policies provide incentive for clients to contribute upload bandwidth. For on-demand streaming deli...

The off-design performance of a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant for power generation is of great importance. In this work, a detailed mathematical model is developed for a triple-pressure reheat combined cycle power plant. Using the model, CCGT off-design operation and efficiency are studied under four gas turbine (GT) strategies. Controlling the turbine inlet temperature (TIT) gives be...

There are several types of designs used for unicompartmental tibial components. The all-plastic inlay component is recessed and it preserves bone around the outer edge of the tibia. For an onlay component, the entire condyle is resected, and the plastic bearing is usually metal-backed, although all-plastic components are also available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesi...

Aim: The importance of establishing reference ranges for thyroid volume is a worldwide trend, however, to date, limited data are available regarding isthmus thickness (TIT) in healthy children. present study aimed report the values TIT children aged between 0 and 18 years from Turkey.
 
 Material Method: was measured by ultrasonography 447 subjects December 2018 September 2020. 3rd, 1...

At the time of an initial public offering, shares in a firm are typically held by venture capitalists, insiders, corporate investors, and angel investors. We examine the role of angel investors in the IPO process. We find that angel investors provide equity capital in industries that venture capitalists are less likely to serve and that shareholders in angel backed IPO firms are more likely to ...

We present a new theory about underpricing and Venture Capital-backed (VC-backed) companies where the key feature is capacity constraints Venture Capital firms can take only a limited number of new projects. This model can match the evidence gathered by the empirical literature on the grandstanding hypothesis, i.e., that younger Venture Capitalists rush to Initial Public Offers (IPOs). Moreover...