Abstract Controllability over stressors has major impacts on brain and behavior. In humans, however, the effect of controllability responses to is poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated how altered a shock-plus-sound stressor with between-group yoked design, where participants in controllable uncontrollable groups experienced matched exposure. Emp...

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a novel galanin-like peptide isolated from the porcine hypothalamus. To determine the distribution of GALP in the rat brain, we performed immunohistochemical studies using a monoclonal antibody toward the N-terminal sequence of GALP. GALP-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were observed only in the arcuate nucleus (Arc), which was further confirmed by in situ hyb...

Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world. Although adolescents are the most rapidly increasing group of caffeine consumers, few studies have been done on the effects of caffeine on the still-developing adolescent brain. Since caffeine has been associated with stress reactivity and anxiety behavior, this study examined the effect of adolescent caffeine consumption on ...

The paraventricular (PV) and paratenial (PT) nuclei are prominent cell groups of the midline thalamus. To our knowledge, only a single early report has examined PV projections and no previous study has comprehensively analyzed PT projections. By using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, and the retrograde tracer, FluoroGold, we examined the efferent projection...

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in a wide variety of social behaviors ranging from affiliation to aggression. However, the precise functional involvement of AVP in intermale aggression is still a matter of debate. In fact, very little is known about AVP release patterns within distinct brain regions during the display of intermale aggression and, in turn, the behavioral consequen...