Tonga no longer has a national airline with the recent demise of Royal Tongan Airlines, but it has two national beers: Ikale and Royal. Both are lagers, but they are widely believed to be of different taste and quality. Bottled Ikale beer is considered to be inferior in quality with a great variation from batch to batch, and even from bottle to bottle within the same batch. Draft Ikale is belie...

Parallel brewing trials were performed in laboratory brewery. For beer wort hopping, hop pellets of diff erent age (“slightly aged” and “strongly aged” one) and storage indexes (0.35 and 0.59, respectively) were used. During brewing were measured bitterness, utilization of -acids and index of -acids isomerization. Mature beers were evaluated by panel taste testing. Th e results of panel testi...

We examine the metallicity distribution function (MDF) and fraction of carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars in a sample that includes 86 stars with [Fe/H] ≤ −3.0, based on high-resolution, high-S/N spectroscopy, of which some 32 objects lie below [Fe/H] = −3.5. After accounting for the completeness function, the “corrected” MDF does not exhibit the sudden drop at [Fe/H] = −3.6 that was found...

Inappropriate prescribing (IP) is a common and serious global healthcare problem in elderly people, leading to increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), polypharmacy being the main risk factor for both IP and ADRs. IP in older people is highly prevalent but preventable; hence screening tools for IP have been devised, principally Beers' Criteria and the Inappropriate Prescribing in the El...

Despite substantial premarket efforts, a significant portion of approved drugs has been withdrawn from the market for safety reasons. The deleterious impact of nonsynonymous substitutions predicted by the SIFT algorithm on structure and function of drug-related proteins was evaluated for 2504 personal genomes. Both withdrawn (n = 154) and precautionary (Beers criteria (n = 90), and US FDA pharm...

Publication of “Updating the Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults” again raises many of the same issues about the list’s development and uses—intended and unintentional—since its original publication in 1991 and subsequent 1997 revision. The list was adopted nearly verbatim in the CMS surveyor guidance for Federal Tags F329 and 429, in effect, codifying it...

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts represent a great source of biodiversity for the production new beer styles, since they can be used in different industrial areas, as pure culture starters, co-fermentation with Saccharomyces, and spontaneous fermentation (lambic gueuze production, main contribution Brettanomyces yeast). The process lambic is characterized by phases characteristic predominance microorga...

Nowadays, non-alcoholic (NAB) and low-alcoholic beers (LAB) still significantly suffer from staling defects when fresh, partially due to absence of ethanol as antioxidant. In the current work, fate flavan-3-ols (monomers, dimers, trimers) bitter compounds (isohumulones, humulinones, etc.) 11 commercial NABLABs available on Belgian market was monitored through one year aging at 20 °C in dark. Fr...