Qomroud water conveyance tunnel (lot 1&2) with the length of 16 kilometers is considered as one of the greatest development and national projects in Iran. Since about 2 kilometers of tunnel pass through alluvium and the rest of the tunnel pass through various types of geological units, and due to the complexity of geological condition and variety of effective criteria, suitable selection of exc...

According to the advance of civil engineering and transportation, the tunnel tends to increase as a number and be longer as a scale. It is divided to underground and undersea tunnel by location, and is sorted into railway and road tunnel by transportation. Channel Tunnel is world’s longest undersea railway tunnel that reaches a length of 50.45 km (1). Great Britain is connected to France by it....

To investigate the vehicle induced air pollution situations both inside and outside the tunnel, the field measurement of the pollutants concentrations and its diurnal variations was performed inside and outside the Xiangyin tunnel in Shanghai from 13:00 on April 24th to 13:00 on April 25th, 2013. The highest hourly average concentrations of pollutants were quantified that CO, NO, NO2 and NOX in...

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a promising technique for growing ultrathin, pristine dielectrics on metal substrates, which is essential to many electronic devices. Tunnel junctions are an excellent example which require a leak-free, ultrathin dielectric tunnel barrier of typical thickness around 1 nm between two metal electrodes. A challenge in the development of ultrathin dielectric tunnel ...

The Platform Screen Doors improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in the subway station; however, and the air quality is degraded in the subway tunnel. CO2 concentration and indoor particulate matter value are high in the tunnel. The IAQ level in subway tunnel degrades by increasing the train movements. Air-curtain installation reduces dusts, particles and moving toxic smokes and permits traffic by ge...

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common focal peripheral neuropathy. Increased pressure in the carpal tunnel results in median nerve compression and impaired nerve perfusion, leading to discomfort and paresthesia in the affected hand. Surgical division of the transverse carpal ligament is preferred in severe cases of CTS and should be considered when conservative measures fail. A through knowl...

Model scale fire tests using wood cribs of different porosity in a ventilated tunnel are presented. The study focuses on the effect of air velocity on maximum Heat Release Rate (HRR) and fire growth rate. To study the influence of different parameters, free burn tests and fire tests inside a model-scale tunnel were performed. The tunnel was 10 m long, the widths used were 0.3 m, 0.45 m, and 0.6...

The current study compared tunnel diameter as an independent risk factor for fixation failure from the coracoid after transcoracoid coracoclavicular reconstruction. The effect of variation in coracoid size and scapular bone density on fixation failure was also studied. Sixty-two cadaveric scapulae were randomized into 1 of 4 groups: a control group with no coracoid hole, a group with a 4-mm tra...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the bone tunnel impaction technique performed by dilators could dwindle the tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendon using both extracortical suspensory fixation devices at femoral and tibial site. Thirty-one consecutive patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction with the hamstr...

Aorta—right atrial tunnel is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by an extracardiac tunnel-like vascular communication arising from an aortic sinus and emptying into the right atrium (RA) (Fig. 1). We report the case of a 33-year-old man diagnosed following Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. The patient underwent successful surgical repair (Fig. 2). The proximal ostiumwas closed using a p...