Kaplan says that monsters violate Principle 2 of his theory. Principle 2 is that indexicals, pure and demonstrative alike, are directly referential. In providing this explanation of there being no monsters, Kaplan feels his theory has an advantage over double-indexing theories like Kamp’s or Segerberg’s (or Stalnaker’s), which either embrace monsters or avoid them only by ad hoc stipulation, in...

The non-deictic that is known to be a non-obligatory element and thus is said to be often deleted. This does not imply it does not have any semantic value; on the contrary, the nondeictic that may indicate the speaker's attitude or his/her vantage point. This function is derived from the function of the demonstrative that and from the iconicity generated by its phonological shape. The non-deict...

This paper explores the linguistic and technical challenges in creating a typological database for demonstrative and personal pronouns. Our database identifies a fundamental difference between morphological (or semantic) features that are relatively fixed across languages and those that are highly variable from one language to the next.