two-spotted spider mite (tetranychus urticae koch), is one of the most seriously important  polyphagous pests that causes considerable damage to agricultural crops. in recent years, due to problems associated with the use of synthetic pesticides, herbal essential oils have received due attention as natural plant pest control compounds. in the present study, repellency effect of herbal plant ess...

Instrumental techniques are preferred over bioassay methods for antibiotic quantification mainly due to speed and ability quantify metabolites in biological samples; however, the potency activity of these drugs cannot be assessed. Two - agar well diffusion (bio-assay) spectrophotometric were used evaluate amikacin sulfate injection. Agar plates inoculated with S. aureus inoculum; zones inhibiti...

Experiments were designed in a bioassay system to analyze the effect of elevated (from 5.9 mM to 7.5-45.9 mM) extracellular K+ concentration on the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Segments of canine femoral artery with endothelium (donor segment) were mounted in an organ bath and perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution; the effluent from the donor segment was us...

The standard procedure for definitive detection of BoNT-producing Clostridia is a culture method combined with neurotoxin detection using a standard mouse bioassay (MBA). The mouse bioassay is highly sensitive and specific, but it is expensive and time-consuming, and there are ethical concerns due to use of laboratory animals. Cell-based assays provide an alternative to the MBA in screening for...

Research was conducted to determine levels of Cry1Ac in transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) cotton leaves from four different commonly used bioassays. Significant differences in the amount of Cry1Ac were found among the different bioassay types. For bioassay arenas that prevented desiccation of leaf material, Cry1Ac levels remained stable for 10 d after tissue was excised from the p...

A modified assimilable organic carbon (AOC) bioassay is proposed. We evaluated all aspects of the AOC bioassay technique, including inoculum, incubation water, bioassay vessel, and enumeration technique. Other concerns included eliminating the need to prepare organic carbon-free glassware and minimizing the risks of bacterial and organic carbon contamination. Borosilicate vials (40 ml) with Tef...