The past decade has seen rapid growth in the global biofuels sector – particularly in the US and the EU. This has had important implications for the global livestock industry – both by raising the cost of feed grains and oilseeds and by forcing onto the market a large supply of biofuel by-products, many of which end up in livestock feed rations. This paper systematically investigates the impact...

background heat, chemical and organic pollution are three types of environmental pollution, caused by refinery and petrochemical industries. problems caused by hear and chemical pollutants are currently resolved to some extent but organic pollution such as poly aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are still considered as important problems of industry and environment. objectives a laboratory study was ...

This research paper examines the feasibility for second-generation biofuels as an alternative fuel supply for both pistonand turbine-powered general aviation aircraft. With relevant research given to the history of biofuels and their technologic development, this paper aims to provide an analysis of biofuel development, biofuel technology and its potential impacts, specifically for the aviation...

This paper presents an assessment of the potential impact of the EUs biofuel directive on European land use and biodiversity. In a spatially explicit analysis, it is determined which ecologically valuable land use types are likely to be directly replaced by biofuel crops. In addition, it is determined which land use types may be indirectly replaced by biofuel crops through competition over land...

Since late 2006, biofuel policies have caused high grain/oilseed prices by creating a link between crop and biofuel policies. The value of agricultural trade has increased sharply, mostly because of high prices, not increased trade volume. Biofuel policies have little to do with the agenda of the Doha trade negotiations but have had indirect effects in that production subsidies and import barri...

This paper discusses different aspects of the optimization of the distribution of hydrogen in a petrol refinery through a network that connects production and consumption plants. Due to the lack of reliable information from the field measurements, a previous stage of data reconciliation is required. The hydrogen distribution problem can be formulated as a non-convex NLP one, which implies the p...

In the paper the problem of estimating the octane number of powerformed gasoline produced in a refinery is addressed. The model is designed in order to replace the existing measurement device during maintenance operation guaranteeing the continuity of product quality monitoring and control. Linear and nonlinear Moving Average models based on MLP neural networks have been designed to take into a...

Existing refinery distillation systems are highly energy-intensive, and have complex column configurations that interact strongly with the associated heat exchanger network. An optimisation approach is developed for existing refinery distillation processes. The optimisation framework includes shortcut models developed for the simulation of the existing distillation column, and a retrofit shortc...

Colour and turbidity measurement. An instrument has been designed to measure colour and turbidity using solid state light sources and sensors operating at 470 nni (blue) and 880 nni (infrared) respectively. It is intended to be a factory instrument suitable for detecting break through from filters and colour gain or loss over scctions of plant in a refinery. The measurements are exprcssed in ab...