The African Non-Spiny (ANS) clade contains 14 species of mostly large canopy lianas or scandent shrubs confined to Madagascar (10) and continental Africa (4, with with one species reaching the southern Arabian peninsula). Members of the clade were previously classified in sections Afrosolanum Bitter, Benderianum Bitter, Lemurisolanum Bitter, Macronesiotes Bitter and Quadrangulare Bitter, and we...

The aim of present study is investigating effect of treated lemon pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on protein and energy metabolism in goats was fed with this product. In this experiment 8 goats from raini breed were used for 21 days period; 16 days for adaptation and 5 days for sampling, to investigate the effect of processing lemon pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeas...

• Drinking a bitter beverage increases happy participants' inclination to save money. • Drinking a bitter beverage decreases unhappy participants' inclination to save money. • Priming bitterness-related concepts increases happy participants' inclination to save money. • Priming bitterness-related concepts decreases unhappy participants' inclination to save money. • Drinking a bitter beverage de...

The effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) on the detoxification of cassava tubers and the sensory evaluation of their cassava fufu products were investigated. One kilogram of freshly harvested cassava tuber was fermented with varying amounts (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g) of lemon grass for one to five days. Fermentation resulted in a decrease in the cyanide content and this was signific...

Consider rolling a die with k sides, labeled a1, a2, ..., and ak, respectively. Let P(aj) be the ‘probability’ that a particular side aj appears after rolling the die. Before attempting to calculate P(aj), it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the word ‘probability’. In other words, we must specify what the number P(aj) quantifies. In statistics, the concept of ‘probability’ is formally int...

The effect of various household sanitizers including water, water acidified with white vinegar (1.5%), vinegar and lemon juice were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing counts of Salmonella typhimurium on rocket and lettuce leaves. Treating rocket and lettuce samples with water containing 1.5% vinegar for 30 min or washing with water (at 28C) for 5 min showed negligible reduction in pa...

Background: Childhood obesity is becoming a global problem and its incidence is increasing. The role of dietary intervention with fruits containing vitamin C and flavonoid to control obesity consequences in childhood has not been yet defined. Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) peels contain flavonoid, pectin and vitamin C. We aimed to compare the effects of lemon peels and placebo on cardiometabolic r...

BACKGROUND This study was performed to effects of garlic and lemon juice mixture on lipid profile and some cardiovascular risk factors in people 30-60 years old with moderate hyperlipidemia. METHODS In a parallel-designed randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 112 hyperlipidemic patients 30-60 years, were recruited from Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. People were selected an...

To obtain insight into potential mechanisms underlying the influence of rootstock on scion growth, we performed a comparative analysis of 'Shatangju' mandarin grafted onto 5 rootstocks: Fragrant orange (Citrus junons Sieb. ex. Tanaka), Red tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco), 'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) and Canton lemon (Citrus limonia Os...

Based on the molecular findings that many bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed within the same receptor cells, it has been proposed that bitter taste is encoded by the activation of discrete neural elements. Here we examined how a variety of bitter stimuli are represented by neural activity in central gustatory neurons. Taste responses (spikes/s) evoked by bathing the tongue and palate w...