Patterning of functional blood vessel networks is achieved by pruning of superfluous connections. The cellular and molecular principles of vessel regression are poorly understood. Here we show that regression is mediated by dynamic and polarized migration of endothelial cells, representing anastomosis in reverse. Establishing and analyzing the first axial polarity map of all endothelial cells i...

The virus of poliomyelitis is capable of penetrating the retina without producing apparent injury, to reach the central nervous organs. The virus injected into the blood is deposited promptly in the spleen and bone marrow, but not in the kidneys, spinal cord, or brain. Notwithstanding the affinity which the nervous tissues possess for the virus, it is not removed from the blood by the spinal co...

The involvement of circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the beneficial effects of physical exercise on the brain makes this abundant serum growth factor a physiologically relevant neuroprotective signal. However, the mechanisms underlying neuroprotection by serum IGF-I remain primarily unknown. Among many other neuroprotective actions, IGF-I enhances clearance of brain amyloid be...

The choroid plexus in the brain is unique because it is a non-neural secretory tissue. It secretes the cerebrospinal fluid and functions as a blood-brain barrier, but the precise mechanism of specification of this non-neural tissue has not yet been determined. Using mouse embryos and lineage-tracing analysis, we found that the prospective choroid plexus region initially gives rise to Cajal-Retz...

atypical connections in the formation of the brachial plexus are prevalent and have been reported in different articles. the present report describes a case of variation of the median nerve observed in the iranian male cadaver during routine trial dissection. there are three roots for median nerve. median nerve is formed by joining two lateral and medial cords of brachial plexus. third root of ...

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intravenous (I.V.) dexamethasone with that of perineural dexamethasone on the prolongation of analgesic duration of single-shot interscalene brachial plexus blocks (SISB) in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients undergoing elective arthroscopic...

a rare anatomical innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve m.m. taghavi msc , m. shariati kohbanani msc , s.m. seyedmirzaee md received: 24/09/06 sent for revision: 20/02/07 received revised manuscript: 07/04/07 accepted: 27/05/07 background and objectives: anatomically the musculocutaneous nerve (c5,6 ) is a branch of lateral cord of the brachial plexus and its motor nerve fibers innervates t...

position of such nutrient arteries is reasonably predictable. On the nerve a series of epineural vessels is formed, whose branches pass into the perineurium and, finally, there is produced within the fasciculi a longitudinally disposed capillary plexus which is continuous throughout the length of the nerve and is not dominated by local nutrient vessels. Experimental. The intraneural plexus form...

Introduction: The brachial plexus is responsible for the innervation to the upper limb and some parts of the thorax. Variations in the branching of the brachial plexus are common and have been reported in 65.3% of the population. The variations (Atypical communication) of brachial plexus have significant clinical and surgical importance. Methods: In this study 10 upper limbs which belonged...

BACKGROUND The Wnt and BMP signaling pathways are involved in the morphogenesis of both gastrointestinal and choroid plexus epithelium. In the intestine, Wnt signaling represses the expression of the tumor suppressor gene CDX2 via SOX9, a transcription factor, which is also expressed in the choroid plexus. Recently, an inverse correlation between CDX2 expression and tumor grade, tumor stage and...