Temperament, i.e. consistent inter-individual differences in behavior, has been documented many species. Especially, boldness-shyness continuum is the ecologically relevant trait most frequently used to describe temperament among Reactions along bold-shy axis demonstrate an organism’s ability cope with environmental conditions and reflect its response stress. Our study investigated existence of...

Emily Schmidt: An Analysis of Individual Variation in Behavior (Under the direction of Karin Pfennig) Individual animals within a population often show differences in their behavior. Recently, scientists have begun to study the causes and consequences of individual variation in behavior explicitly rather than attributing differences to observer error or noise. The study of behavioral syndromes,...

The purpose of this study was to determine how the policy implementation internal control system in PD. Market and whether application over cash receipts PD Pasar is implemented properly. Method analyze data conducted with descriptive method that collect the, process interpretive obtained so can give clear picture hit accurate ciecumstance boldness for trouble-shooting which facing. Writer have...

Behavioural traits that co-vary across contexts or situations often reflect fundamental trade-offs which individuals experience in different contexts (e.g. fitness trade-offs between exploration and predation risk). Since males tend to experience greater variance in reproductive success than females, there may be considerable fitness benefits associated with "bolder" behavioural types, but only...