Morphogenesis of epithelial tissues relies on the precise developmental control of cell polarity and architecture. In the early Drosophila embryo, the primary epithelium forms during cellularisation, following a tightly controlled genetic programme where specific sets of genes are upregulated. Some of them, for example, control membrane invagination between the nuclei anchored at the apical sur...

Bone char (BC) was prepared by carbonizing four types of animal biomass, and the adsorption of fluoride ions and elution of phosphate ions were investigated. It was found that the BC yield decreased as carbonization temperature increased, and that carbonization temperature had no significant effect on surface pH, base or acid consumptions. Fluoride ion adsorption was increased in BC produced at...

A slightly modified form of the branched pore model of Peel, Benedek and Crowe was successfully applied to describe the batch sorption kinetics of three metal ions—cadmium, copper and zinc—on bone char. In comparison with an analytical film-surface solution, the additional parameters of the branched pore model were observed to produce a significant improvement in correlating the experimental re...

Soil contamination with Cd from P fertilizer and other anthropogenic and geogenic sources is a serious problem. In situ immobilization by P application to soil is known as an applicable remediation technique leading to reduced Cd uptake by plants, and use of a Cd-free P fertilizer from renewable sources would be most favorable. Bone char (BC) (15% P, 28% Ca, 0.7% Mg) may be used as such a quali...

In the current study a series of pyrolysis and CO2 gasification experiments were conducted on a bed of kraft black char under a perpendicular impinging jet. The experiments demonstrated that the char bed carbon gasification rates are externally mass transfer limited. The mass transfer is further decreased by a net molar out-flow caused by the conversion of one mole of reactant CO2 to two moles ...