Peripheral and intraspinal feedback is required to shape update the output of spinal networks that execute motor behavior. We report lumbar dI2 interneurons in chicks receive synaptic input from afferents premotor neurons. These innervate contralateral brachial cord, their ascending projections cerebellum. findings suggest neurons function as local circuits, are involved lumbo-brachial coupling...

We report 2 patients with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy, ipsilateral leg weakness, and contralateral motor cortical dysplasia. To our knowledge, this is the first description of such an association. In both cases, the diagnosis of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy was established clinically shortly after birth and later confirmed neurophysiologically. Motor cortex dysplasia was diagnosed by...

BACKGROUND Posterior dislocation of the shoulder in brachial plexus birth palsy during the first year of life is rare but the incidence increases with age. The aim was to calculate the incidence of these lesions in children below one year of age. METHODS The incidence of brachial plexus birth lesion and occurrence of posterior shoulder dislocation was calculated based on a prospective follow ...

The brachial artery begins as a continuation of the axillary artery and is superficial throughout its course in the arm. When it enters the cubital fossa it lies anterior to the brachialis muscle and lateral to the median nerve. In cubital fossa it lies deep to bicipital aponeurosis which separates the artery from median cubital vein. The median nerve descends along the lateral side of the prox...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if folic acid supplementation improves endothelial vascular function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation; FMD) in amenorrheic runners. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING Academic medical center in the Midwest. PARTICIPANTS Ten amenorrheic and 10 eumenorrheic women runners from the community volunteered for this study....

Previous analyses of experimental chick embryos of normal lineage demonstrate the inability of brachial muscles to sustain a successful union with foreign nerves derived from a thoracic neural tube segment transplanted to the brachial region at day 2 in ovo (day 2E). The present experiments were performed to determine if mutant chick embryos afflicted with hereditary muscular dystrophy would re...

he Brachial plexus constitute afferent motor and efferent sensory nerves supplying the upper extremities. It is situated in a very vulnerable T anatomical position between the neck and shoulder. Injury to this plexus, which is often due to traction, results in various degrees of motor and sensory deficit to the involved upper limb. This results in loss of function and its catastrophic consequen...

In the treatment of brachial plexus injury, nerves that are functionally less important are transferred onto the distal ends of damaged crucial nerves to help recover neuromuscular function in the target region. For example, intercostal nerves are transferred onto axillary nerves, and accessory nerves are transferred onto suprascapular nerves, the phrenic nerve is transferred onto the musculocu...

The surgical intervention is necessary in about 20% of all cases of the perinatal brachial plexus palsy. In this study the intra-surgical view and the applied microsurgical techniques were analysed. The clinical material consisted of 49 children with the obstetric brachial plexus palsy treated operatively, on which the following changes were found intra-surgically: compression of the brachial p...

Neurologic signs and symptoms of brachial plexopathy may be subtle or confusing, making clinical localization of disease along the length of the brachial plexus difficult. To determine the most direct radiographic approach to diagnosing and anatomically delineating the cause of brachial plexopathy, we reviewed the clinical and radiographic records of 43 patients presenting with signs and sympto...