there are extensive evidences that show axonal processes of the nervous system (peripheral and/or central) may be degenerated after nerve injuries. wallerian degeneration and chromatolysis are the most conspicuous phenomena that occur in response to injuries. in this research, the effects of post-operative time following sciatic nerve crush on the number of spinal motoneurons were investigated....

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) prolongs survival in the twitcher mouse, an authentic animal model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease; galactosylceramidase deficiency), but the effects of HCT on levels of galactosylceramidase, psychosine, and cerebrosides in the tissues of twitcher mice have not been previously studied. Galactosylceramidase was less than 8% of control...

Sugars are sweet and palatable. Sweetness is detected by the neural system, whereas palatability may be detected within the neural and chemical systems in the brain. Sweetness is discriminated from other tastes by different receptor sites on taste bud cells, a different subset of fibers in the taste nerves, and different projection zones in the brain. The benzodiazepine and opioid systems are r...

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is characterized by the accumulation of sulfatide sphingolipids in the brain and peripheral nerves. We report metabolite alterations recorded using multi-voxel proton spectroscopy of the brain in four children with MLD. The data revealed elevated myoinositol/creatine and lactate/creatine ratios as well as decreased N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratios. We propos...

Bioelectronic interfaces establish a communication channel between living system and an electrical machine. The first examples emerged in the 18th century when batteries were used to “galvanize” muscles nerves. Today bioelectronic underpin key medical technologies such as cardiac pacemaker emerging ones neuroprostheses brain-machine interfaces. Despite compelling applications systems, employ ma...

background: variations of the brachial plexus are common and a better awareness of the variations is of crucial importance to achieve successful results in its surgical procedures. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the anatomical variations of the brachial plexus in adult cadavers.   methods: bilateral upper limbs of 32 fresh cadavers (21 males and 11 females) consecutively referred ...

Brain tumor is inherently serious and life-threatening disease. Brain tumor builds the intracranial pressure in the brain, by shifting the brain or pushing against the skull, and also damaging nerves and healthy brain tissues. This intracranial pressure affects and interferes with normal brain functionality, which results in generation of abnormal electrical activities from brain. With recent d...

7-year-old girl presented with a one-week history of diplopia. On examination, left abducens nerve palsy was found. There was no clinical evidence of meningitis or of involvement of cranial nerves other than the abducens nerve. C-reactive protein and white blood cell count were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed enhancement of 3 rd , 5 th , 6 th , and 12 th cranial nerves (Fig. 1);...

It was shown by Bronk, Pitts and Larrabee (2), Cannon, Raule and Schaefer (4) and Sell, Erdelyi and Schaefer (14) that a marked increase of the efferent impulses in the sympathetic nerves, particularly in the cardiac sympathetic nerves and renal branch of the abdominal sympathetic nerves, was evoked by stimulating the central end of the peripheral sensory nerves. It was pointed out by them, fur...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors performed this study to compare a declarative memory paradigm developed to help teach medical students about the cranial nerves with a traditional text-based approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors designed a clock-based paradigm to help medical students learn about the cranial nerves. To enhance memorization and related brain activation, the paradigm ...